Abstract:

Beyond the continental theories of civilization, the English classical political economy tradition fostered another distinctive conception of civilization. John Stuart Mill made a systematic summary of it. Mill's idea of civilization carries a double meaning. In the realm of moral philosophy, civilization is a universal human good that originates in the moral instincts of man and is rooted in the three pillars of wealth, reason, and the capacity for cooperation. In the realm of historical philosophy, civilization progresses through the development of the division of labor, aiming at ultimate well-being. On the road to perfection, civilization can overcome and transcend the flaws of a given stage and arrives at a higher stage, undergoing a historical process of continuous evolution. Social forms and power structures also transform with the advancement of civilization. In the 19th century, the rise of the power of the masses led to a shift toward equality in social structures. At this time, society was in what Mill termed a "transitional state", characterized by a potential crisis of "the régime of public opinion". The progress of civilization brought forth a new spirit of time, and a new world required a new science of politics. In the intellectual map presented in Civilization, Mill's theory of civilization ultimately serves as a guide to the craft of politics. By interpreting "civilization" as a societal progress based on human nature and by portraying European history since antiquity as a history of civilizational evolution, Mill interprets civilization as a foundation akin to natual law for political order. Mill's civilization thought exhibits an introspective and self-critical quality, demonstrating a profound historical consciousness and practical concern. Mill's "new science of politics" also embodies two layers: first, it represents Mill's analysis of the latent worries of modern civilization and his political solutions; second, it signifies a new way of contemplating political affairs and social changes based on the process of civilization.

Key words: civilization, John Stuart Mill, social changes, new science of politcs