中国当代的高等教育、精英形成与社会分层——来自“首都大学生成长追踪调查”的初步发现

Abstract

Abstract:

Higher education plays an undoubtedly important role in promoting social mobility in modern society. Previous literatures tend to focus on the comparison between those with college degree and those without treating the former as a homogeneous group and the schooling process as a "black-box". This article introduces the background and research design of the Beijing College Students Panel Survey (BCSPS),and analyzes the first wave of the data to investigate social stratification within the Chinese higher education system,paying special attention to the roles of family backgrounds, special admission policy,and key-point high school in the process. Results show that,while family socioeconomic status and residence locations continue to exert direct influence on likelihood of getting into three tiers of universities (national elite university, "211"university and other non-"211"university),key-point high school and special admission policy serve as the important mechanisms in this process. Attending a key-point high school can help students achieve higher scores in college entrance examination and thus ensure the equitable access to college education; special admission policy apparently benefits those from better family backgrounds. Moreover, those in the national elite universities are more likely to join in the party than their counterparts in other universities, although their intentions are lower. These findings bear important implications for understanding the role of higher education in elite formation and social stratification in contemporary China.

Key words: elite, social stratification, college admission, key-point school, higher education

WU Xiaogang. Higher Education,Elite Formation and Social Stratification in Contemporary China[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2016, 36(3): 1-31.

References

边燕杰、吴晓刚、李路路.2008.社会分层与流动:国外学者对中国研究的新进展[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.
布迪厄、帕斯隆.2002.再生产一种教育系统理论的要点[M].北京:商务印书馆.
李路路,主编.2013.中国大学生成长报告 2012[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.
李路路,主编.2014.中国大学生成长报告 2014[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.
廉思.2009.蚁族:大学毕业生聚居村实录[M].南宁:广西师范大学出版社.
梁晨、张浩、李中清, 等.2013.无声的革命:北京大学、苏州大学学生社会来源研究 1949-2002[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店.
闵维方,主编. 2006. 中国教育与人力资源发展报告[M].北京大学出版社.
吴愈晓.2013a.教育分流体制与中国的教育分层(1978-2008)[J].社会学研究(4):179-202.
吴愈晓. 2013b.中国城乡居民的教育机会不平等及其演变(1978-2008)[J].中国社会科学(3):4-21.
杨东平. 2006.高等教育入学机会:扩大之中的阶层差距[J].清华大学教育研究(1):19-25.
Arum,Richard and Josipa Roksa. 2011.Academically Adrift. Chicago,IL:University of Chicago Press.
Bai,Limin.2006. "Graduate Unemployment:Dilemmas and Challenges in China's Move to Mass Higher Education."The China Quarterly 185:128-144.
Bourdieu,Pierre.1989.The State of Nobility:Elite School in the Field of Power. Palo Alto,CA:Stanford University Press.
Brint,Steven G. and Jerome Karabel. 1989.The Diverted Dream:Community College and the Promise of Educational Opportunities in America,1900-1985. New York:Oxford University Press.
Clark,Gregory. 2014.The Son Also Rises:Surnames and History of Social Mobility. Princeton and Oxford:Princeton University Press.
Elman,Benjamin A. 2000A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China.Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA:University of California Press.
Elman,Benjamin A. 2013.Civil Examination and Meritocracy in Late Imperial China. Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
Ganzeboom,Harry B. G., Donald J. Treiman,and Wout C. Ultee. 1991."Comparative Intergenerational Stratification Research:Three Generations and Beyond."Annual Review of Sociology 17:277-302.
Guo,Gang. 2005. "Party Recruitment of College Students in China."Journal of Contemporary China 14(43):371-392.
Ho,Ping-ti.1962.The Ladder of Success in Imperial China:Aspects of Social Mobility,1368-1911. New York:John Wiley & Sons.
Ishida,Hiroshi,Walter Muller,and John Ridge.1995."Class Origin,Class Destination and Education:A Cross-National Comparison of Ten Industrial Nations."American Journal of Sociology 101(1):145-193.
Karabel,Jerome.2005.The Chosen:The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard,Yale,and Princeton.Boston,MA:Houghton Mifflin Company.
Levin,Henry M. and Zeyu Xu. 2005. "Issues in the Expansion of Higher Education in the People's Republic of China."China Review 5(1):33-59.
Liu,Limin,Wolfgang Wagner,Bettina Sonnenberg,Xiwei Wu,and Ulrich Trautwein.2014."Independent Freshman Admission and Educational Inequality in the Access to Elite Higher Education."Chinese Sociological Review 46(4):41-67.
Li,Bobai and Andrew G. Walder.2001."Career Advancement as Party Patronage:Sponsored Mobility into Chinese Administrative Elite,1949-1996."American Journal of Sociology 106(5):1271-1408.
Mare,Robert D. 1980. "Social Backgrounds and Educational Continuation Decisions."Journal of American Statistical Association 75:295-305.
Raftery,Adrian E. and Michael Hout. 1993. "Maximally Maintained Inequality:Expansion,Reform,and Opportunity in Irish Education:1921-1975."Sociology of Education 66(1):41-62.
Shavit,Yossi and Vera Kraus. 1990."Educational Transitions in Israel:A Test of the Industrialization and Credentialism Hypotheses."Sociology of Education 63(2):133-141.
Shavit,Yossi and Hans-Peter Blossfeld.1993.Persistent Inequality. Boulder,CO:Westview.
Shavit, Yossi, Richard Arum,and Adam Gamoran.2007.Stratification in Higher Education.Palo Alto, CA:Stanford University Press.
Shirk,Susan.1984."The Decline of Virtuocracy in China."In Class and Social Stratification in Post-Revolution China, edited by William Watson. New York:Cambridge University Press.
Van der Werfhorst,H. G. and R. Andersen. 2005. "Social Background,New York:Credential Inflation and Educational Strategies."Acta Sociologica 48(4):321-340.
Walder,Andrew G.1995."Career Mobility and the Communist Political Order."American Sociological Review 60(3):309-328.
Walder,Andrew G.,Bobao Li, and Donald Treiman. 2000. "Politics and Life Chances in State Socialist Regime:Dual Career Paths into the Urban Chinese Elite, 1949-1996."American Sociological Review 65:191-209
Wang,Qinghua.2014."Crisis Management,Regime Survival and ‘Guerrilla-Style’ Policy-Making:The June 1999 Decision to Radically Expand Higher Education in China."China Journal(71):132-152
Wu,Xiaogang and Donald J. Treiman. 2004."The Household Registration System and Social Stratification in China, 1955-1996."Demography 41(2):363-384.
Wu,Xiaogang and Donald J. Treiman. 2007. "Inequality and Equality under Chinese Socialism:TheHukou System and Intergenerational Occupational Mobility."America Journal of Sociology113(2):415-445.
Wu,Xiaogang and Zhuoni Zhang 2010. "Changes in Educational Inequality in China,1990-2005:Evidence from the Population Census Data."Research in Sociology of Education 17:123-152.
Wu,Xiaogang 2010. "Economic Transition,School Expansion and Educational Inequality in China,1990-2000."Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 28 (1):91-108
Ye,Hua.2015."Key-Point School and Entry into Tertiary Education in China."Chinese Sociological Review 47(2):128-153.
Zhou,Xueguang, Phyllis Moen,and Nancy Tuma.1998."Educational Stratification in Urban China:1949-94."Sociology of Education71(3):199-222.

[1]	FANG Changchun, LIU Xin. Geographical Location and Housing Inequality in China: An Analysis Based on the 2016 China Family Panel Studies [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2020, 40(4): 163-190.
[2]	MENG Qingyan. Party, Politics and Policy: The Multi-Logic of “Rich Peasants Problem” in the Early CCP Revolution [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2018, 38(5): 70-105.
[3]	HE Guangye. College Major Choice and Gender Difference in Entering Male-Dominated Occupations: Evidence from Beijing College Student Panel Survey [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2018, 38(2): 213-241.
[4]	ZHU Bin. Effects of Spouse's Family Background on Elite Status Attainment in Urban China [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2017, 37(5): 193-216.
[5]	XU Duoduo. From Poverty to Prosperity:Poverty,Non-Cognitive Abilities,and First-Job Earnings [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2017, 37(4): 90-118.
[6]	YANG Zhongchao. Does Higher Education Expansion Promote Intergenerational Mobility? [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2016, 36(6): 180-208.
[7]	PANG Shengmin. Market Transition, Educational Differentiation and Urban-Rural Inequality in Chinese Higher Education (1977-2008) [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2016, 36(5): 155-174.
[8]	LI Zupei. “Neo-Agents”: A Study on Village Governance under the “Projects to Villages” Model [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2016, 36(3): 167-191.
[9]	GUO Huiling. From Mind to Body: Social Stratification and Its Impact on Psychological Mechanism of Body [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2016, 36(2): 146-166.
[10]	YE Xiaoyang，DING Yanqing. Expanding Chinese Higher Education： Quality and Social Stratification [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(3): 193-220.
[11]	HOU Jundan. Reflection upon Mores and Reconstruction Movement： Dilemma of the Yongjia Conservatives during the PostTaiping Restoration [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(2): 1-28.
[12]	LIANG Yongjia. Religious Revival in Rural China and the Fate of “Religion” in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(1): 161-183.
[13]	Lin Chaochao. Resources of Legitimacy and Chinese Workers’ Activism: Restudying Shanghai Workers’ Strike in 1957 [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2012, 32(1): 197-219.
[14]	Wang Jianhua. Enlistment: Social Stratification and Individual Mobility of Choice in the Institutional Transition [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2011, 31(3): 138-154.
[15]	Yu Yang. From Elite Nationalization to National Elitism： A Historical Review on PRC’s System of Cadre Recruitment [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2010, 30(6): 41-64.

Higher Education,Elite Formation and Social Stratification in Contemporary China

PDF

Knowledge

Cited

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments