扩张的中国高等教育：教育质量与社会分层

Abstract

Abstract: In this paper, we analyze student stratification in higher education using a random survey of senior students from 46 universities in Beijing in 2011. We examine the impact of higher education expansion since 1999 on college access and social mobility in the labor market. We find the expansion has enhanced the social strata replication rather than reproduction.
We first estimate the impact on college access using Binary Logit Model and Multinomial Logit Model. Chinese higher education is rather exclusive than inclusive during the expansion which means students from higher social class families have larger possibilities to access to elite universities，other things being equal. The effect of family social stratification background on students’ educational stratification is larger during secondary school period.We don’t find evidence that family background influences choice of major.
We then examine how college quality can affect students’ labor market choice and performance using Multinomial Logit Model, Ordinal Logit Model and Tobit Model. Controlling family background, higher education quality is positively correlated with the higher probability that students choose a marketoriented job and with higher starting salaries. However, if the expansion diminishes higher education quality as suggested by many qualitative studies, it weakens the role of higher education as a way of upward social mobility.
We learn from this study that it is not an optimal policy for the government to develop China higher education solely by expanding its scale without increasing its quality. More attention should be paid to guarantee the quality during any education policy changes, and to ensure educational equality in K12 education as well.

Key words: social stratification, education quality , , Higher education expansion

YE Xiaoyang，DING Yanqing. Expanding Chinese Higher Education： Quality and Social Stratification[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology.

References

陈汉聪.2007.我国高等教育大众化进程的现状分析及前景展望［J］.教育科学(6)：25-31.
成林萍.2010.1999年：高校扩招［J］.内蒙古教育（19）:14-15.
丁小浩. 2006.规模扩大与高等教育人学机会均等化［J］.北京大学教育评论(2)：24-33.
郭丛斌、闵维方.2006.家庭经济和文化资本对子女教育机会获得的影响［J］.高等教育研究(11)：24-31.
洪岩璧、钱民辉.2008.中国社会分层与教育公平：一个文献综述［J］.中国农业大学学报 (社会科学版)(4)：64-76.
侯龙龙、李锋亮、郑勤华.2008.家庭背景对高等教育数量和质量获得的影响——社会分层的视角［J］.高等教育研究(10)：39-45.
李春玲.1997.社会结构变迁中的城镇社会流动［J］.社会学研究（5）：82-88.
李春玲.2003.社会政治变迁与教育机会不平等——家庭背景及制度因素对教育获得的影响 (1940—2001)［J］.中国社会科学(3)：86-98.
李春玲.2010.高等教育扩张与教育机会不平等——高校扩招的平等化效应考查［J］.社会学研究（3）：83-113.
李黎明、李卫东.2009.阶层背景对本科毕业生职业地位获得的影响——市场转型与分割的阶层再生产［J］.社会 29(5)：114-131.
李路路.2002.制度转型与分层结构的变迁——阶层相对关系模式的“双重再生产”［J］.中国社会科学(6)：105-118.
梁晨、李中清、张浩、李兰、阮丹青、康文林、杨善华.2012.无声的革命：北京大学和苏州大学学术社会来源研究（1952—2002）［J］.中国社会科学（1）：98-118.
刘精明.2005.国家、社会阶层与教育：教育获得的社会学研究［M］.北京：中国人民大学出版社.
陆学艺.2004.当代中国社会流动［M］.北京：社会科学文献出版社.
潘懋元.2003.大众化阶段的精英教育［J］.高等教育研究(6)：1-5.
钱民辉.2004.教育真的有助于向上社会流动吗——关于教育与社会分层的关系分析［J］.社会科学战线（4）：194—200.
沈祖超、阎凤桥.2006.社会分层对于高等教育分层的影响［J］.北京大学教育评论(2)：72-84.
陶学文.2011.我国高等教育大众化政策实施十年之回顾与反思［J］.湖南师范大学教育科学学报(2)：77-80.
吴晓刚.2009.1990-2000年中国的经济转型、学校扩招和教育不平等［J］.社会29 (5)：88-113.
吴愈晓.2013a.中国城乡居民的教育机会不平等及其演变(1978—2008)［J］.中国社会科学（3）：4-21.
吴愈晓.2013b.教育分流体制与中国的教育分层(1978—2008)［J］.社会学研究（4）：179-202.
谢作栩、王伟宜.2005.社会阶层子女高等教育入学机会差异研究［J］.大学教育科学(4)：58-66.
阎凤桥、康宁.2004.中国大学管理结构变化实证分析［J］.高等教育研究(5)：36-41.
阎凤桥、卓晓辉、余舰.2006.中国高等教育大众化过程与普通高等教育系统的变化分析［J］.高等教育研究(8)：1-7.
杨德广.2009.60年来中国高等教育大众化进程［C］.上海市社会科学界第七届学术年会文集(哲学、历史、文学学科卷)：466-471.
杨东平.2006.从权利平等到机会均等——新中国教育公平的轨迹［J］.北京大学教育评论(4)：2-11.
Arum，Richard，Adam Gamoran，and Yossi Shavit.2007.“More Inclusion than Diversion： Expansion，Differentiation，and Market Structure in Higher Education.”In Stratification in Higher Education：A Comparative Study，edited by Yossi Shavit et al. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press:1-35.
Blau，Peter M.and Otis D.Duncan.1967.The American Occupational Structure.New York：John Wiley Press.
Bryk, Anthony S., Penny Bender Sebring, Elaine Allensworth, Stuart Luppeseu, and John Q. Easton. 2010. Organizing Schools for Improvement Lessons from Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ganzeboom，Harry B.，Paul M. De Graaf，and Donald J. Treiman.1992.“A Standard International SocioEconomic Index of Occupational Status.”Social Science Research 21(1)：1-56.
Guo，Maocan and Xiaogang Wu.2010.“Trends in Educational Stratification in China，1981-2006.”In Volume of World Society Studies，Inequality beyond Globalization，edited by Christian Suter. Piscataway, NJ：Transaction Publishers.
Li，Hongbin，Lingsheng Meng，Xinzheng Shi，and Binzhen Wu.2012a.“Does Having a Cadre Parent Pay?Evidence from the First Job Offers of Chinese College Graduates.”Journal of Development Economics 99(2)：513-520.
Li，Hongbin，Lingsheng Meng，Xinzheng Shi，and Binzhen Wu.2012b.“Does Attending Elite Colleges Pay in China?”Journal of Comparative Economics 40(1)：78-88.
Lucas，Samuel R.2001.“Effectively Maintained Inequality：Education Transitions，Track Mobility，and Social Background Effects.”American Journal of Sociology 106(6)：1642-1690.
Meyer，John W. and Brian Rowan.1977.“Institutionalized Organizations：Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony.”American Journal of Sociology 83(2): 340-363.
Mincer，Jacob.1974. Schooling，Experience，and Earnings. New York: Columbia University Press.
Nee，Victor.1989.“A Theory of Market Transition：From Redistribution to Markets in State Socialism.”American Sociological Review 54(5)：663-681.
Raftery，Adrian E. and Michael Hout.1993.“Maximally Maintained Inequality：Expansion，Reform，and Opportunity in Irish Education，1921-1975.”Sociology of Education 66(1)：41-62.
Simkus，Albert and Rudolf Andorka.1982.“Inequalities in Educational Attainment in Hungary， 1923-1973.”American Sociological Review 47(6)：740-751.
Trow，Martin.1973.“Problems in the Transition from Elite to Mass Higher Education.”In Policies for Higher Education，edited by Martin Trow.Paris：OECD:55-101.
Wang，Rong.2014.“The Commanding Heights：The State and Higher Education in China.”In The Oxford Companion to the Economics of China，edited by Shenggen Fan，et al.Oxford: Oxford University Press：472-477.
Wu，Xiaogang and Xi Song.2014.“Ethnic Stratification and China’s Economic Transition：Evidence from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.”Social Science Research (44)： 158-172.
Zhou，Xueguang.2004.The State and Life Chances in Urban China.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

责任编辑：张军

[1]	FANG Changchun, LIU Xin. Geographical Location and Housing Inequality in China: An Analysis Based on the 2016 China Family Panel Studies [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2020, 40(4): 163-190.
[2]	WU Xiaogang LI Zhonglu. Independent Freshman Admission Program （IFAP） and Talent Selection in Higher Education in China： Evidence from National Elite Universities [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2017, 37(5): 139-164.
[3]	WU Xiaogang. Higher Education,Elite Formation and Social Stratification in Contemporary China [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2016, 36(3): 1-31.
[4]	GUO Huiling. From Mind to Body: Social Stratification and Its Impact on Psychological Mechanism of Body [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2016, 36(2): 146-166.
[5]	CHEN Tao. Politics and Society: An Interpretation of The Spirit of Laws [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(6): 31-57.
[6]	YANG Zeng. Institutions and Life for People with Disability: From “Individual Model” to “Universal Model” [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(6): 85-115.
[7]	LI Wangyang XIE Yu . Trends in Occupational Gender Segregation in China: 1982-2010 [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(6): 153-177.
[8]	MA Deyong WANG Lina. Chinese Netizens’ Political Ideology and Their Sources：An Empirical Analysis [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(5): 142-167.
[9]	CHEN Jiajian ZHANG Qiongwen HU Yu. Project System and Its Impact on Relationship between Different Levels of Government [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(5): 1-24.
[10]	HAN Qimin. Family Farming and Rural Society under the Shadow of Urbanization：A Case Study of Agricultural Business Management in Chifeng，Inner Mongolia [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(5): 122-141.
[11]	BU Yumei. From Online to Offline: The Formation of Collective Action and Its Contributing Factors: A Case Study of Food Waste Treatment Facility Location Protest [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(5): 168-195.
[12]	ZHU Bin LI Lulu. Independence and Rights： A Comparative Study of the Chinese and American Feminist Movements and Gender Equality [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(5): 218-240.
[13]	CHEN Yunsong WU Qingxi ZHANG Yi. International Visibility of Chinese Cities in the Last Three Centuries: A BigData Based Description and Regression Analysis [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(5): 60-77.
[14]	WEI Wanqing. From Occupation Development to Family Integrity: Study on Migrants’ Desire of Urban Hukou by An Analysis Perspective of Urbanization Stability [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(5): 196-217.
[15]	XU Qi. Sons or Daughters? Who Are Caring for Aging Parents: A Gender Comparative Study of Chinese Family#br# [J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(4): 199-.

Expanding Chinese Higher Education： Quality and Social Stratification

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments