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连带式制衡：基层组织权力的运作机制

作者：陈锋,华中科技大学中国乡村治理研究中心.   

  1. 作者：陈锋,华中科技大学中国乡村治理研究中心.
  • 出版日期:2012-01-20 发布日期:2012-01-20
  • 通讯作者: 作者：陈锋,华中科技大学中国乡村治理研究中心 E-mail:chenfeng0110@163.com
  • 作者简介:陈锋,华中科技大学中国乡村治理研究中心
  • 基金资助:

    **本研究受到国家社会科学基金（11BSH024）的资助。

Tied CheckandBalance: Operational Mechanism of Grassroots Organizations’ Power

Author: Chen Feng, Center of Chinese Rural China Governance, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.   

  1. Author: Chen Feng, Center of Chinese Rural China Governance, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
  • Online:2012-01-20 Published:2012-01-20
  • Contact: Author: Chen Feng, Center of Chinese Rural China Governance, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. E-mail:chenfeng0110@163.com
  • About author:Chen Feng, Center of Chinese Rural China Governance, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
  • Supported by:

    This research was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China （11BSH024）.

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摘要：

本文揭示了中国基层组织在非正式或半正式治理实践中的内在机制及其社会基础和价值基础。研究发现，村级组织在国家权力体系中的位置构成了乡村治理的部分外部条件和压力，具有普遍性的半正式治理实践中的村级组织权力的运作则根植于乡土社会。乡村治理中，村组干部将各种正式与非正式的资源统筹配置、捆绑连带，主要通过利益和情感等连带方式来规制村民，以完成其治理目标，村民同样也将其需要履行的各种义务与应该享受的各项权利捆绑连带，并主要以责任连带的方式对村组干部实行反制。正是这种治理中双向的连带关系使得干群之间的权利义务达到总体平衡，并保证了乡村社会秩序的形成，笔者将其归结为“连带式制衡”。乡土社会的不规则或规则的多元化是连带式制衡的社会基础，与西方有所差异的中国农民的“捆绑式的权利义务观”则构成了基层组织权力运作的价值基础，两者共同支撑使得“连带式制衡”成为基层组织权力的常规化运作机制。

关键词: 基层组织 , 连带式制衡 , 乡土社会 , 权利义务观

Abstract:

 The nature of the grassroots politics and the logic of rural governance are the keys to the understanding of the formation and change of the current rural order, but they also help to understand China’s unique mode of state governance. This paper explores the internal mechanism in the informal or semiformal practice of grassroots governance and its social and value bases. The study has found that the positions of village organizations in the state power system constitute part of the external conditions and pressure of the rural governance, but the power of these village organizations in their practice of general and semiformal governance is rooted in rural society itself. Village cadres govern the villagers mainly through bonds tied with interests and emotions to fulfill their governance goal; the villagers, on the other hand, try to balance the village cadres’ control through bonds tied with their various obligation and rights, especially in the form of jointresponsibilities. It is this twoway relationship between cadres and villagers in the governance that has established the overall balance between rights and obligations, and that has shaped the current rural social order, that is, "tied checkandbalance." The atomization of the social structure, the differentiation of the economic structure, and the diversification of the value system in current rural society are the social basis of grassroots governance. It is difficult for the grassroots organizations to accomplish their governance goal by relying solely on the informal system of Confucian society or public rules of modern society; what is needed is to effectively combine and balance the two. Unlike the rightobligation view with legally based rationales developed in Western civil society, Chinese farmers’ bondbased view of rights and obligations is the value basis for the grassroots organizations to put their governing power into operation. It is this combined support of both social and value foundations in rural China that has made it possible for this “tied checkandbalance" to have become the core mechanism for grassroots organizations to routinely operate their governing power.

Key words: grassroots organization,  , rural society,  , tied checkandbalance, v , iews of rights and obligations