社会杂志 ›› 2019, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (1): 184-210.

• 专题：文明与社会 • 上一篇    下一篇

寻求对“社会”的理解:圣西门的社会生理学

倪玉珍   

  1. 首都师范大学历史学院
  • 出版日期:2019-01-20 发布日期:2019-01-20
  • 作者简介:倪玉珍,E-mail:niyuzhen@cnu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:

    本文得到2015年度国家社科基金项目“19世纪上半叶法国思想界对启蒙和大革命的反思”（15BSS039）的资助。

Seeking Scientific Knowledge of the Society: Saint-Simon's Social Physiology

NI Yuzhen   

  1. School of History, Capital Normal University
  • Online:2019-01-20 Published:2019-01-20
  • Supported by:

    This paper was funded by 2015 National Social Science Fondation Project "Reflections on Enlightenment and the French Revolution by French Thinkers in the First Half of the 19th Century"(15BSS039).

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摘要：

法国大革命遭遇的挫折促成了19世纪初法国思想界对自然权利学说的反思。这一反思的重要成果是社会范畴受到关注和社会学说的兴盛。圣西门接续了孔多塞和观念学派创立“社会科学”的努力，探索“社会生理学”。他摒弃了启蒙时代盛行的抽象个体观，揭示了人的社会属性。他把社会视为有机体，认为社会的各个部分应相互协作，构成和谐的统一体。他还强调了欧洲社会历史演进的动力机制。在此基础上，圣西门提出了“组织”社会的初步设想。圣西门的社会学说融合了社会科学和社会主义的萌芽，促进了法国从革命向社会重建的重要转变。它给后世留下了双重的精神遗产：既唤起人们同情社会苦难的博爱情感，又提醒人们要科学地观察和研究社会事实，尤其在行动时要保持清明的理性。

关键词: 自然权利, 统一性, 有机体, 社会

Abstract:

Faced with the post-French Revolution crises, the French thinkers of the early nineteenth century began turning away from the theory of natural rights and started paying much more attention to the social aspects of the society. As a result, social theories flourished. Saint-Simon, one of these social theorists, continued the efforts of Condorcet and the Ideologues to found social science and coined the term of "social physiology" as a science of social organization. Saint-Simon attached importance to the study of real people and concrete social facts, not the imaginary natural state. He was critical of the Enlightenment abstract notion of individual prevailing at the time. With the application of the new scientific knowledge in physiology and history, he attempted to reveal the social attributes of man and the significance of organization and social work in the development of human intelligence. Inspired by the Ideologues, Saint-Simon considered the society as an organism. He analyzed the relationship of the three social forces:the men of property, the proletarians and the savants. According to him, these different parts of the society should cooperate to constitute a harmonious unity. In his views, society cannot be understood with some snapshot studies and historical change is at heart of society. Through his study of historical facts and relations between these facts, Saint-Simon uncovered the dynamic mechanism of the European social history. Upon this basis, Saint-Simon proposed his preliminary ideas of social organization. The social theory of Saint-Simon merged together the kernels of social science and socialism. It helped France step out of the Revolution mood to begin reconstruction. Saint-Simon left us a legacy of dual spiritual heritages:fraternity and compassion for social sufferings as well as a rational scientific social science based on facts for social change.

Key words: natural right, unity, society, organism