2016 Vol.36

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Between “Officials” and “Local Staff”: The Logic of the Empire and Personnel Management in the Chinese Bureaucracy ZHOU Xueguang Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (1): 1-33.   Abstract （3412）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1505KB）（3689）       Knowledge map    Save This article contrasts and examines two distinct modes of personnel management practices in the Chinese bureaucracy: (1) the historical pattern of the separation of officials and local staff (官吏分途); and (2) the contemporary pattern of stratified mobility (层级分流) among officials across levels of administrative jurisdictions. I argue that these two patterns, albeit distinct, have been rooted in the same institutional logic of governance in China, which are discussed and explicated in light of the “the Logic of the Chinese Empire” (Zhou 2014), especially in terms of the principal-agent problems associated with the scale of governance, the complementary role of formal and informal institutions, and the shift between symbolic vs. substantive authority in central-local government relationships. This article began with the observation that, in Chinese history, there was a sharp separation of officials (“guan”) and local staff (“li”) in personnel flows in the government bureaucracy. That is, officials were directly allocated across administrative jurisdictions nationwide by the central government, whereas “local staff” was recruited locally and they stayed within the same administrative jurisdiction for life. This long-standing practice generated a huge divide between these two groups, with distinct career paths, incentives, and bases of interest articulation. In contrast, a different pattern of personnel management practice—the pattern of stratified mobility—has emerged in the Chinese bureaucracy in the People's Republic. All cadres are treated as agents of the state. But, most officials tend to stay within their administrative jurisdictions for their entire careers and only a small group of top officials from selected offices and bureaus are able to move to the immediate higher-level administrative jurisdiction and, hence, enjoy a broader scope of mobility in the higher-level jurisdiction. One implication of this pattern is that dense social networks emerge horizontally within administrative jurisdictions and vertically across immediate administrative levels. Another implication is that officials at each level of the bureaucracy acquire the double identity as “officials” serving as the agents of the state and, at the same time, as the “local staff” who form alliance with local interests. These arguments are illustrated using the empirical data for personnel mobility in the Chinese bureaucracy in two prefectures in Jiangsu Province, from 1990 to 2008. This article concludes with a discussion on the implications of personnel management practices for China's governance. These practices and the resulting mobility patterns have provided stable institutional bases for central-local government relationships, and they have set limits to the downward reach of the state and the upward reach of local interests, and helped shape distinctive institutional practice in governing China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Organizational Boundary of Administrative Subcontracting: An Analysis of “the Separation of Officials and Local Staff” and Stratified Mobility ZHOU Li-An Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (1): 34-64.   Abstract （1816）   HTML    PDF（pc） （801KB）（1643）       Knowledge map    Save This paper introduces an analysis of administrative subcontracting in relation to the promotion mechanism in Chinese government administration and redefines the organizational boundary between internal and outsourcing administrative subcontracting. The relationship between administration and subcontracting is examined through the two salient features of government, namely, multitask and monopoly of public services and state violence. Subcontracting tends to save fiscal and administrative costs for the principles and offer high-powered and differentiated incentives to subcontractors. However, it can also lead to power abuse and multitask distortion. To prevent subcontractors' misbehaviors, bureaucracy is also compelled to impose various administrative measures such as oversight authority, veto power, rules and procedures. The paper further examines the organizational boundary between internal and outsourcing subcontracting through the rank competition and promotion mechanism. If subcontracting is part of competition and promotion process, it is regarded as internal subcontracting within organization; whereas subcontracting separated from the bureaucratic hierarchical mobility is considered as outsourcing subcontracting. Using this new lens of rank promotion mechanism, we reinterpret the so-called “the separation of officials and local staff” (guanli fentu) in imperial China and the stratified mobility in modern time.The paper argues that the twofold process of “separation of officials and staff” and “convergence of staff and hired-hands” in imperial China from Qin-Han to Ming-Qing marked a significant change in state governing boundary from internal subcontracting to outsourcing subcontracting. This occurred because of the increasing revenue pressure. It is our hope that this study opens further dialogues on Xueguang Zhou's administrative subcontracting theory. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Difference and Connection between “Guan” and “Li” LOU Jin Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (1): 65-75.   Abstract （1545）   HTML    PDF（pc） （501KB）（963）       Knowledge map    Save This paper focuses on the difference and connection between “guan” (official) and “li” (staff) in imperial China, a system that by some is regarded as the precedent of the modern day Chinese bureaucracy. Since Wei and Jin dynasty, the relationship between guan and li experienced two important transitional changes because of the complexity of compatibility between official ranks and social statuses and the subsequent issues in personnel management. The boundary line between “guan” and “li” helped differentiate appointments, responsibilities, ranks and salaries but remained broad and elastic. The overall development was the ever deepening status division between the two groups while the boundary line became increasingly open ended. By allowing “li” to be promoted to “guan,” the central authority not just expanded governmental function but helped strengthen the bond between “guan” and “li,” reflecting an important link between the centralized rule and its relatively open bureaucratic structure. Up until Ming and Qing, this framework of the central government controlling “guan” and “guan” controlling “li” proved to be a stable structure. Under this structure, “li” was looked down upon by “guan” but it still enjoyed higher status than commoners. Although some of the issues and predicaments experienced by “li” in history can also be said about today's staff in Chinese modern bureaucracy, they are from different times and under different circumstances. Solutions to the problems, especially like reassignment and mobility, will be quite different as well. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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From Stratification between Officials and Staff to Three Group Divisions: Personnel Management Structure Change and Its Political Impact in Chinese Local Governance——A Complement to Xueguang Zhou's “Between 'Officials' and 'Local Staff': The Logic of the Empire and Personnel Management in the Chinese Bureaucracy” LIU Jianjun, MA Yanyin Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (1): 76-98.   Abstract （1572）   HTML    PDF（pc） （986KB）（1160）       Knowledge map    Save The institutionalized stratification between officials and staff in imperial China has its continuity and transformation in modern Chinese state bureaucracy. One example is the compartmentalization of three groups in Chinese bureaucracy: bureaucrats, derivative staff, and employed staff. This “three-group” structure is more in the same spirit with “stratification between officials and staff” than “stratification at different levels”, the two cornerstones of imperial local and grassroots governance as discussed in Xueguang Zhou's works. Under the inflexible “personnel quota” system, bureaucrats and derived staff are a constant in the structure while employed staff is a changeable variable. The difference among three groups resembles the difference between officials and staff in imperial China. The bureaucrats and derivative staff are elites or cadres sorted through the system of stratification at different levels and they are the key players in local governance in today's China. In addition to its historical root, this “three-group” structure is a result of the interaction between the “visible hand” of the state and the “invisible hand” of market. People who belong to the first two group are not only “rational men” but also men driven by their political mission and commitment. This explains the phenomenon of “mobile officials” and “immobile staff”, thus is a complement both to Zhou's “stratification at different levels” and to the so-called “tournament model”. We hope this study provides an important theoretical perspective for understanding contemporary China's transition and rise. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Familial Lineage, Endogamy and Transition from Lineage Authority to State Governance HU Dongwen Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (1): 99-123.   Abstract （1272）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1364KB）（685）       Knowledge map    Save Anthropologists agree that kinship system is the rudimentary political system prior to the emergence of state authority. Although the power of lineages was broken down by the time of Roman Empire in the West, in Max Weber's view,China remained as a country where lineages were the basic social administrative units in society. Morris Freedman suggested that the reason for familial lineages being the major social institution in southeast China was due to lack of the government power in the area. However, recently some anthropologists and historians suggest that the “lijia” system exited in Ming and Qing is an evidence indicating that familial lineages were absorbed into the state governing system to become part of local administrative structure. Confucian rituals were observed and state commended gods were worshipped, a clear acceptance of mainstream Confucianism. In ethnic southeast China,Qing first allowed the local chiefdom system continue but later implemented land and tax policies that forced changes in local social structure and culture. Chieftains were replaced with court appointed officials,and serfs and chiefs all became “equal” subjects of the emperor. Qianlong period saw the change of abolishment of chieftains, government garrison establishment and land and taxation reform in Rgyalong society in Jinchuan county of Sichuan, however, lineage system, endogamy, and conscripted labor system kept the social stratification alive. Not until the 1950s did the people gain equal status as “citizens” of the state. Nevertheless, the new state acknowledged the authority of Tibetan Buddhism in Rgyalong, which made the region unique in comparison to other south and southwestern parts of China in state authority. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Social Class Change and Cultural Transformation in Qing Frontier Ethnic Region: A Case Study of Commemorative Stele Inscriptions in Jingxi County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region DU Shuhai Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (1): 124-150.   Abstract （1187）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1190KB）（577）       Knowledge map    Save In this study, “class” is defined as social groups that share similar political and economic status and are innately connected. “Social class change” refers to the disappearance of old classes and the formation of new classes. During the early Qing, powerful chieftains in the southern ethnic frontier region were gradually replaced by the new scholar gentry class, evident from the data collected from gravestone and other commemorative inscriptions in several villages in the region. This is due to the introduction of the imperial examination system and the beginning of direct governance of Qing administration over the region. The new gentry class also helped transforming the local culture. They participated in local public affairs, built temples and brought in new cultural practices such as constructing family genealogy. All this helped promoting the integration of the frontier region for the unity of the country. It is noted in this study that regional social and cultural changes are a process of complication. On one hand, ethnic frontiers such as Guangxi were assimilated into Qing empire; on the other hand, they remained distinctively of their own, even to this day. Nevertheless, in the hierarchy of local cultural powers, the dominant uniform culture of the nation tended to win. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Producing Society or the Self-Producing of Society? A Study of an NGO's Difficult Situation on Poverty Reduction SUN Feiyu, CHU Huijuan, ZHANG Yanlong Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (1): 151-185.   Abstract （1586）   HTML    PDF（pc） （912KB）（1441）       Knowledge map    Save Social organizations that have both reform agendas and practice inevitably encounter conflicts with the existing social and political structure when they attempt to bring about changes.Ascertaining their status, causes and results is key to the understanding of philanthropic organizations and their social actions in the current Chinese context. To address this issue, this paper applies the “social production” perspective to examine the structural feature and poverty alleviation practice of a charity organization, which has successfully solved the entry problem and meanwhile clearly advocate and maintained its independence.Our study finds that in dealing with conflicts, the charity organization risks losing its original social change agendas and falling into a state of uncertainty, even becoming a structural space for the reproduction of local society.By placing the organization in a local social and political content and exploring the obstacles it had come across from the perspective of the relationship between society and state, we are able to examine the complexity of Chinese transitional period and the “self-reproduction” process of society.This case study mirrors the current political and social issues of Chinese society and it enables us to gain a better and more holistic understanding of the symptomatic problems and mechanisms of a transitional society. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Ethical Lapse or Ethical Change: On Rural China Family Resource Allocation from Modernization Perspective DI Jinhua, ZHENG Dandan Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (1): 186-212.   Abstract （1551）   HTML    PDF（pc） （992KB）（1260）       Knowledge map    Save Studies on Chinese family care for aging parents often overlook the discrepancy in resource allocation among intergenerational chains.This paper uses a three-generation-chain framework to study the resource allocation for elderly care in rural China and proposes a new categorization according to the generation priority. Under this framework,the first two priority groups are offspring and parents,followed by four sub-groups. By analyzing the data of CHARLS, the authors argue that a person's modern outlook affects the way of intergenerational family resource allocation. People with more modern outlook are more likely to provide resources to his/her parents or offspring. When modern outlook aligned with higher income,people tend to make their offspring the first priority. Thus,we conclude that it may not be the case of ethical lapse as some studies suggested. With the parents are still the first priority in intergenerational family recourse allocation,the offspring priority may well be just an “ethical change”,not “ethical lapse”. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Urban Resident's Second Set of Housing Acquisition from Life Course Perspective WU Kaize Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (1): 213-240.   Abstract （1263）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1635KB）（1383）       Knowledge map    Save This study examines how macro-social and micro-social and economic factors at different life stages affect people's decision on purchasing secondary residential property. It suggests several possible explanations such as cohort opportunity, property market opportunity, elite advantage, family resource investment and rational choice. Using discrete-time event history analysis, this study looks into the data collected from 1000 household questionnaires in Guangzhou in 2010 and finds that factors such as elite advantage and family resource investment become much more significant in purchasing a second property while the impact of cohort opportunity and work unit subsidies diminishes. Housing marketization has changed property wealth accumulation in China from institutional resource distribution to market resource accumulation. It has changed housing purchase from relying on work unit support to depending on personal and family financial capability. The early stage of housing marketization was able to offer property ownership opportunities to different social stratums. However,the deepening marketization and wealth redistribution have worsened the housing inequality among different social groups as well as within the young cohort. Any future housing reform should make an effort to prevent further housing polarization between the rich and the poor. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (1): 242-.   Abstract （677）   HTML    PDF（pc） （16068KB）（430）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Double -Track Governance in Chinese Traditional Society: Dialectics between System of Enfeoffment and System of Prefectures & Counties QU Jingdong Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (2): 1-31.   Abstract （1990）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1013KB）（1777）       Knowledge map    Save Since Yin-Zhou and Qin-Han, the development of Chinese imperial system revolved around the dialectical tension between the feudal system of fiefdom (封建制) and the bureaucratic prefectural system (郡县制). In Fei Xiaotong's words, it is a dual-track politics of “Power of Monarch” and “Power of Gentry.” Under fiefdom, the relationship between monarch and his kinship was governed by the Confucian hierarchical principle of favoring the intimate (qin-qin) and respecting the superior (zun-zun), and ritualized by the patriarchal order of clan, mourning rites and ancestral worship. In addition, “Mandate of Heaven” solidified an organic relationship between the emperor and his subjects and became the foundation for the monarchical rule. The prefectural system highlighted the historical change since the Warring States that had abolished the feudal fiefdom system and gave the birth of an “All under the Heaven” (公天下). Thinkers like Wang Fuzi and Gu yanwu place emphasis on fiefdom as a counterpart of the prefectural system to break up the centralization of power and renew the debate on the dialectic between “public” and “private.” In sum, the feudal system of Fiefdom in China still needs to be clarified through reexamining the classical texts. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Mourning Rituals and Legal Codes for Children in Homicides of Mother Killing Father from Han to Tang: A Classical Debate JING Fenghua Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (2): 31-57.   Abstract （1464）   HTML    PDF（pc） （961KB）（629）       Knowledge map    Save In homicides of spouse killing, how should surviving children mourn their lost parent remained a difficult issue in traditional China. This study examines how the mourning rituals and legal codes were debated by Confucian scholar-bureaucrats in imperial China from Han to Tang. The debates were mainly focused on the interpretation of Confucian classics such as “Mourning Apparel Codes”offering different views on ideal social order and lawfulness. For instance, in debating cases of stepmother killing father, Kong Jiyan derived his view from the principles in the Spring and Autumn and concluded that severance of relationship should be equally applied whether it was step-mothers or birth-mothers. Emperor Wu of Han described “stepmother” from Confucian doctrines as “for father's love, stepmother is like mother”. Scholars in Wei and Jin reached a conclusion that a stepmother became a stranger if she had killed her husband but a birthmother would continue her blood bond with her children. In debating cases of mother killing father, Dou Yuan argued that sons had duty to turn mothers in as under the Confucian patriarchal order, fathers were superior to mothers. In opposition, Fen Junyi believed that filial piety required an equal obligation towards father and mother, therefore, children should remain silence. These different views on the relationship between mother and child provided grounds for varied practices and legal codes on the mourning rituals in homicides of mother killing father under the Confucian patriarchal order of the imperial China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Alternative to the “Dormitory Labor Regime” Problem: Labor Dormitories as Space for Modernization in the Republic of China YANG Ke Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (2): 58-76.   Abstract （1148）   HTML    PDF（pc） （798KB）（747）       Knowledge map    Save Scholars in the field of rural migrant labor study have proposed the concept of “dormitory labor regime” to describe an important labor organizing system used by the Chinese enterprises to house rural workers in dormitories and thus exercise a full control of labor. This paper examines another probable outcome of the “dormitory labor regime” by examining the labor dormitory construction under the Republic of China. In its pursuit of modernization and new cultural customs, the republic government promoted the workers' dormitories as a way to introduce modern civilization to rural workers. Modern-minded entrepreneurs actively involved in the cause. Tianjin Dongya Wool Textile Company and Chongqing Minsheng Shipyard are the two examples in this study that illuminate the issues of workers' education, collective unity and labor self-governing in dormitory sites. It is argued that with good practices, labor dormitories could be a ground for the transitional “resocialization” from rural farmers to modern workers. These two exemplary cases and their social implication offer us an opportunity to contemplate an alternative to the “dormitory labor regime” problem and seek for new possibilities of migrant workers' living space at this junction of the socialist transitional period of China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Sociologist as a Story-Teller YEH Chi-jeng Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (2): 77-98.   Abstract （1541）   HTML    PDF（pc） （828KB）（1282）       Knowledge map    Save In past, the task of sociologist has long been regarded as the excavator (and interpreter as well) of those unanticipated consequences deeply remained in conceal under the surface of a social interaction. Under the rubric of structural-functional doctrine, Merton takes a position to conceive society as an organism-like body enshrined with a holistic nature. It thus leads Merton to conceive unanticipated consequences as a handful of social facts with latent function which were objectively constellated within a social system. In effect, those objective unanticipated consequences are considered to be beneficial to the adjustment and adaptation of a system, but they are neither intended nor recognized by the participators. In this article, the author takes an alternative stand to argue that a sociologist may just only play a role of story-teller. Like a stroller in a city who takes all his purposes as well as possible opportunities in mind to choose where to go further at every forking street corner he (or she) is encountering. As a stroller, a person always presents himself (or herself) at a given moment of time in such a way that any single move in space actually tells us a “present” moment in time. That is to say, people are always in a phasic state in which a continuously forking-like displacement of “here/there” phase hybridizes the sense of “time”. Translating such a complex of notions implicit in the scenography of a stroller in a city into the enterprise of sociological knowledge construction, what a sociologist as a story-teller is expected to do means to select a particular conceptual scheme with salient cultural-historical significance as a point of departure to construct a frame of analysis in which finding a conceptual forking path is exerted all the way. Concomitantly Max Weber's ideal type as an analytical tool happens to tell such a same story. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Tönnies's New Science: “The 1880/1881 Manuscript” and Its Basic Problem ZHANG Weizhuo Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (2): 99-122.   Abstract （1117）   HTML    PDF（pc） （779KB）（506）       Knowledge map    Save In his preliminary 1880/1881 draft of Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (Theorem der Kultur-Philosophie), Tönnies laid the ground for new empirical cultural sciences. “Cultural Sciences” are not just an application or methodology, they comprises everything Tönnies was about——his own experience and understanding of German Reich, his knowledge structure and intellectual tendency, and his life viewpoint. This paper attempts to explain “Cultural Sciences” through three dialectic aspects:1) as empirical science, “Cultural Sciences” study the world through objective facts. Tönnies's early life and his academic background offer us clues of how he viewed German Reich. He believed that modern individualism and Prussian dictatorship were the predicament of the time. 2) Tönnies explained the philosophical foundation of “Cultural Sciences” and called it “Cultural Philosophy”. For him, cultural philosophy was about life ideals based on material reality just as his own ethical ideas were prompted by his observation of real social problems of the time. 3) “Cultural Sciences” could unveil human nature and examine psychological development of individuals. By employing “cultural sciences”, Tönnies was able to identify human “habits” and “sense of obligation” as two elements for the possibility of actual community. Tönnies's subsequent masterpiece Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft:Abhandlung des Communismus und des Sozialismus als empirischer Kulturformen, published in 1887, continued as well as expanded the essential questions of its early draft of 1880/1881. He brought a historical dimension into the book with a concrete investigation of the evolution of modern society and the possibility of community. By studying Tönnies's “Cultural Sciences”, we learnt that understanding material reality and reflecting on life ideals are the very first questions of social science. In this sense, classical sociological theories are still meaningful to the social science of our day. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Study on the Effect of Income Inequality on Happiness and Its Mechanism HUANG Jiawen Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (2): 123-145.   Abstract （1580）   HTML    PDF（pc） （680KB）（1392）       Knowledge map    Save Research on the relationship between income inequality and happiness can be grouped into two major analytic perspectives: social comparison and social norm. The former, by focusing income inequality at individual level, argues that happiness depends on perceived gaps within reference groups in society. The latter, by looking at income inequality at aggregate level, believes that income disparity in society as a whole is an important source of individual unhappiness. From the social norm perspective, this paper applies the multilevel logistic model of analysis on the data from the Chinese General Social Survey to examine the effect of income inequality on happiness as well as its mechanism. The results show that the sever income inequality brought by the rapid economic growth and social transformation has a detrimental effect on people's happiness in China. However, the depth of the effect is different between low-income groups and high income-groups. People in low-income strata are much more affected by income inequality in their sense of wellbeing. Relative deprivation and relationship trust form an important social psychological mechanism that influences the relationship between income inequality and happiness. The conclusion is that happiness is not entirely determined on the existence of income inequality itself but the fairness of income distribution in society. Therefore, a fair and just income distribution system is the key to improve happiness of Chinese citizens. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited: Baidu(5)

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From Mind to Body: Social Stratification and Its Impact on Psychological Mechanism of Body GUO Huiling Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (2): 146-166.   Abstract （1411）   HTML    PDF（pc） （625KB）（1033）       Knowledge map    Save Body exists in social groups and its wellbeing and development are affected by its position in social structure. The existing literature on the subject rarely looks at the issue from microscopic perspective to determine how one's social status influences his/her body health, nor does it separate physical health from mental health. This study attempts to answer questions of how social stratification influences physical health, to what extent such influences work through social psychological mechanism and what kind of psychological mechanism it might be, and finally, if there is a possibility for positive intervention. Data on variables such as daily activities, job participation, physical pain, and agility of arms and legs besides self-reported health from the China General Social Survey in 2010 (CGSS2010) were examined. The study distinguishes physical health from mental health and applies a multidisciplinary approach of sociology and social psychology. It concludes from analyzing the empirical data that physical fitness is somewhat shaped by social stratification. Social psychological factors such as class identification, intergroup prejudice, learned helplessness, and emotional support are facilitative variables in this shaping process. Social interaction reinforces social statuses but can also become a way for individuals to overcome the psychological embodiment of social stratification. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Educational Return Differences between Secondary Vocational Education and Regular Senior Secondary School Education CHEN Wei, Wuriniqiqige Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (2): 167-190.   Abstract （1678）   HTML    PDF（pc） （669KB）（1208）       Knowledge map    Save Previous studies of returns to education have paid little attention to the distinction between effects of secondary vocational education and regular senior secondary school education. Using human capital and information economics theories, this study puts forward three hypotheses on the differential returns between secondary vocational school and regular senior secondary school graduates. They are tested with the data from the China Family Panel Studies in 2010 (CFPS2010). Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) often encounters problems of omitted variable and sample selection bias. Some factors affecting the choice of education are the same factors affecting returns. If these effects are not controlled, a biased coefficient could occur. Treatment effect model, with its ability to better control the effects of education choices, is better suited to estimate the differential returns of these two different types of education. The empirical results of OLS and treatment effect regression in this study show that vocational education has higher returns compared to regular high school education when education selection bias is controlled. Moreover, returns to vocational education vary across school cohorts. They appeared to have diminished since the 1990s after the initial high-return period in the early stage of the economic reform. The limited supply of college graduates in the 1980s and the 1990s higher education expansion have both contributed to this phenomenon. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited: Baidu(7)

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An Sociological Analysis of the Production of Depression:An Neoliberalist Globalization Perspective HSIAO I-HSIN Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (2): 191-214.   Abstract （1953）   HTML    PDF（pc） （814KB）（1425）       Knowledge map    Save This paper analyzes the reason why the rate of depression in China around the globe was underestimated. Through arranging certain social theories, the paper refers to an analytical framework about the production of depression. The framework is based on the criteria of “global/international-national/domestic”and of “social structure-social construction”dimensions. Concretely speaking, Neoliberalist globalization simultaneously produces the social structure of and social construction of depression. The change of “social structure”is reflected on the time-space upheaval, which cause instability, as well as intensified individualization. These two factors cause people's emotions facing more conflicts than ever. The change of “social construction” includes industry, government academia and media's construction of medicalization, and the concept of the people's awareness of depression practices. The former is that industry, government academia and media all promote top-down medicalization of depression due to commercial interests of these actors. The latter is the conflicts between patients' subjective cognition or culture as well as objective pathology. Patients often face conflicts, bargain, and compromise. But neo-liberal globalization has provided people multivariate medical programs, which can promote bottom-up medicalization. These social constructions strengthen people's awareness of depression. Overall, there is a mature condition for generating depression in China in terms of the factor of “social structure”. However, the condition of “social construction” in China is still inadequate or hidden. This paper argues that “social construction” is more critical than “social structure” in terms of producing depression. Once the condition of “social construction” is more mature, the proportion of depressed patients in China would increase. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Paradoxical Visibility: An Analysis of Homosexuality Representation in The Nine Gay and A House of Zanker LUO Muyuan Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (2): 215-241.   Abstract （1739）   HTML    PDF（pc） （921KB）（1155）       Knowledge map    Save This study provides an analysis of the homosexuality representation in two online shows of The Nine Gay and A House of Zanker. Both online shows confine their representation of homosexuals in private domain, in which, consumption, love and intimacy, and family relationship constitute the cornerstone of homosexual life. Life outside this confined private sphere, or experiences other than sexuality and gender are invisible in the shows. Under this type of representation, homosexuality becomes a phenomenon of the young, urbane and middle-class. People do not fall in this category are neither visible nor comprehensible. Such a representation overlooks the issues of class division, regional disparity, inequality in education and between rural and urban, as well as differences in age and body. It reduces a very diverse group of people into a single homogenous group that is free from any oppression of class and inequality except sex/gender discrimination. By locating homosexuality in a privatized and de-politicalized domain, conventional homosexuality seeks the acceptance of the mainstream culture and demonstrates its willingness to comply and preserve the mainstream norm.Heteronormativity becomes the only enemy. This absence of oppression and inequality in representation portrays homosexuals as those who follow homonormative rules——a mere opposite of heteronormativity. Homonormativity and heteronormativity are the dual sides of the visibility. This paradoxical visibility, on one hand, helps change the social stigma associated with homosexuality and promote gay civil rights;on the other hand, it restrains homosexual representation at the expense of those marginalized invisible groups. Such a representation may lead to a misguided direction, not a true emancipation for the gay rights movement. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (2): 242-.   Abstract （666）   HTML    PDF（pc） （9349KB）（1050）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Higher Education,Elite Formation and Social Stratification in Contemporary China WU Xiaogang Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (3): 1-31.   Abstract （3452）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1632KB）（2790）       Knowledge map    Save Higher education plays an undoubtedly important role in promoting social mobility in modern society. Previous literatures tend to focus on the comparison between those with college degree and those without treating the former as a homogeneous group and the schooling process as a "black-box". This article introduces the background and research design of the Beijing College Students Panel Survey (BCSPS),and analyzes the first wave of the data to investigate social stratification within the Chinese higher education system,paying special attention to the roles of family backgrounds, special admission policy,and key-point high school in the process. Results show that,while family socioeconomic status and residence locations continue to exert direct influence on likelihood of getting into three tiers of universities (national elite university, "211"university and other non-"211"university),key-point high school and special admission policy serve as the important mechanisms in this process. Attending a key-point high school can help students achieve higher scores in college entrance examination and thus ensure the equitable access to college education; special admission policy apparently benefits those from better family backgrounds. Moreover, those in the national elite universities are more likely to join in the party than their counterparts in other universities, although their intentions are lower. These findings bear important implications for understanding the role of higher education in elite formation and social stratification in contemporary China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited: Baidu(3)

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Seeking out the Party: A Study of the CCP Membership Recruitment among Chinese College Students XIE Guihua, ZHANG Yangyang Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (3): 32-63.   Abstract （1598）   HTML    PDF（pc） （802KB）（1084）       Knowledge map    Save Being recruited to the Chinese Communist Party begins with a self-initiated application. Prospective candidates are selected from the applicant pool by the Party and will then go through an evaluation process of at least 12 months long. Only those who meet the expectation will be allowed to join the Party. This study examines the impact of factors such as political attitude, personality, family background and college ranking on university students' eagerness to join the Party and their prospect of being accepted. The data is based on the College Student Panel Survey in Beijing, 2009-2012. We find that both applicants and selected candidates are typically top academic performers who are student leaders, active in community service and popular with fellow students. However, in comparison to non-applicants, both groups score lower in self-assurance, ambition and career-mindedness. Furthermore, Party membership applicants tend to be more socially conscientious and less pragmatic, more obedient to institutional rules and decisions, and less independent-minded. These traits do not seem to affect applicants' chance of Party membership admission. Instead, we find that college ranking has replaced family background to become a major factor in determining application and acceptance of the CCP membership among college students. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Education-Job Mismatches and Earnings among Chinese College Graduates LI Jun Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (3): 64-85.   Abstract （1573）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1472KB）（1286）       Knowledge map    Save The Chinese higher education expansion since 1999 has stimulated a number of empirical studies on the impact of education-job mismatches on college graduates' income,especially among the overqualified. This paper aims to overcome the two limitations in the existing literature that often neglect the possibility of self-chosen over-education as well as the specific labor market for university graduates. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) is applied to analyze the data from the Beijing College Students Panel Survey,namely,the methods of greedy matching,optimal pair matching and optimal full matching,as well as the three predicting equations of propensity score. The analysis indicates a wage penalty associated with over-education that is consistent with the findings in other societies. The self-chosen over-education does not alter the pattern. The overeducated workers in this study earn 21% less than those whose education matches their job requirement. After controlling demographic characteristics and labor market factors in multivariate OLS regression analysis,the difference is down to 15%. The PSM estimates vary from 9% to 18%,depending on the different application of PSM methods and the specification of predicting equations of propensity score. Evidences in this study support the assignment theory,rather than the neo-classical human capital theory,implying that underutilization of education imposes a "productivity ceiling" or a limitation to the utilization of human capital. Furthermore,the study also finds a higher risk of over-education mismatches among graduates who come from less advantaged family background with less prestigious degrees and fewer human capital. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Family Background,Academic Performance and Admission to Postgraduate Study in China LI Zhonglu Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (3): 86-109.   Abstract （1966）   HTML    PDF（pc） （755KB）（1439）       Knowledge map    Save With the high demand of postgraduate degrees in its competitive job market,China has witnessed a dramatic increase of graduate study applications in recent years. In the year of 2010 and 2012,close to one third of the college graduates in Beijing pursued for graduate programs. However,little is known who these students are. To fill in the gap,this study analyzes the Beijing College Students Panel Survey,to answer the question of how family socioeconomic status affects graduates' choice between job and graduate study. It concludes that students with advantaged family background are much more likely to delay employment and pursue graduate study. Family background and parents' education significantly impact students' decision to seek advanced degrees. For those who pursue domestic graduate programs,this impact is mainly manifested through the selectiveness of undergraduate college and degree,and students' academic performance. However,for those who opt for foreign graduate programs,undergraduate academic excellence is less relevant but family affordability becomes the key determinant. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited: Baidu(7)

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Organizational Mobilization, Action Strategy, and Opportunity Structure: Analysis on Factors Affecting the Result of Homeowners' Collective Action SHENG Zhiming Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (3): 110-139.   Abstract （1392）   HTML    PDF（pc） （897KB）（948）       Knowledge map    Save In community disputes, why some homeowners' collective actions can success, while others fail? Based on three theoretical dimensions which consist of organizational mobilization, action strategy and opportunity structure, this study systematically examines the effect of five factors on the result of homeowners' collective action by analyzing data collected from 191 cases of homeowners' rights protection activities happened in China between 1999 and 2012. These factors include type of dispute, number of participants, rights-defending method, homeowner organization, and government response. Among them, the homeowner organization and the number of participants reflect homeowners' capability of organizing and mobilizing themselves.The rights-defending method is an important part of homeowners' action strategy. The type of dispute and the government response indicate the opportunity and constrain faced by homeowners. The results show that:(1) Inadministrative disputes and mixed disputes, homeowners are less likely to successfully protect their interests. (2) Mobilizing certain number of participants is conducive for homeowners to achieve a satisfactory result in their collective protest, but it does not mean that the more participants mobilized, the more likely they will succeed. For the cases which relate toimportant public affairs of community, mobilizing enoughhomeowners to reach the necessary quorum of statutory requirement for public decision making is the necessary condition tosuccessfully resolve homeowners' problems.(3) Different kinds of rights protection methods and their combinations can influence the result of homeowners' rights-defending activity. The non-institutionalized and radical actions are not helpful for homeowners to realize their interest claims. In most situations, homeowners, as the moderate middle class, would resort to institutionalized and rational way to protect their interests;(4) A well-functioned homeowners' organization which truly represents the interests of homeowners can significantly increase the success rate of homeowners' collective action. (5) The government maladministration (that is the improper intervention and administrative nonfeasance) severely hinder homeowners from successfully protecting their legitimate rights and interests. It would be hard for homeowners' organization to play their positive role when they encounter the improper reaction of state power. This is the institutional obstacle in homeowners' rights-defending action. These findings, to certainextent, reveal the reality of strong state and weak society in contemporary China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited: Baidu(1)

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Spontaneous Cognitive Liberation in the Context of Rights-defending Actions: A Case Study of the Evolution of Homeowner Activists' Rights Consciousness SUN Xiaoyi, HUANG Ronggui Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (3): 140-166.   Abstract （1176）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1004KB）（670）       Knowledge map    Save Empirical studies on Chinese homeowners' rights-defending activism largely focus on either the political opportunities or the resource mobilization perspective, and often neglect the cognitive process of homeowner activists in developing their rights consciousness. This study attempts to utilize the framing perspective and cognitive liberation to gain an understanding of activists' subjective cognition in their rights defending actions. We propose an analytic framework that examines two aspects of the homeowner rights consciousness:the content of rights (property rights vs. rights to self-governance) and the nature of rights (reactive vs. proactive). The data is collected from Sina Weibo tweets posted by homeowner activists between 2011 and 2015. The results show that activists are universally aware of property rights and are increasingly proactive in seeking self-governance. Subsequent interviews of a group of activists reveal a spontaneous and interactive process of cognitive liberation that comes from both the first-hand experiences and the online discussions with fellow activists. Social media provides a platform upon which activists exchange information and form networks, learn from each other about common issues and obstacles, and as a result, it promotes collective consciousness and facilitates cognitive liberation. In our view, future studies of homeowner rights defending activism should shift from the event-centered case study approach to the issue-centered analysis of the grass-roots rights movement as a whole. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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“Neo-Agents”: A Study on Village Governance under the “Projects to Villages” Model LI Zupei Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (3): 167-191.   Abstract （1258）   HTML    PDF（pc） （758KB）（750）       Knowledge map    Save Projects to Villages (xiangmu jincun) is an important way for the Chinese government to distribute resources to grassroots villages and it has gained popularity in recent years. "Projects to Villages" has brought changes to the village governance body-village cadres, described in this study as "Neo-Agents." The term explains a newly emerged grassroots power base that was created by the government's "Projects to Villages" initiatives. With the intense competition for projects among villages, people with the right political and personal skills, broad networks and less vested interest in village are able to step onto the political stage and gain power. Contrary to the essential need of developing a long-term effective rural leadership, these "Neo-Agents" practice a type of short-term interest-focused governance. They do not provide a solution to the governance quandary experienced in villages since the rural taxation reform in 2002, instead, with the availability of state resources, they help further consolidate the existing village power structure. The study also compares "Neo-Agents" with traditional power agents of gentry, local elites and government officials. Four aspects of foundation of authority, mechanism of power transfer, structure of governance, and effectiveness of governance are discussed in hope to stimulate further academic and practical interest in the subject. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Work-Family Conflict, Gender Role,and Job Satisfaction: An Analysis of the Phase III Chinese Women Social Status Survey XU Qi, QI Jingjing Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (3): 192-215.   Abstract （1718）   HTML    PDF（pc） （911KB）（1550）       Knowledge map    Save The negative impact of work-family conflict on job satisfaction and business management is a much studied subject in the West. However, in China, academic interest on the subject has not yet gone much beyond the general information on theory and literature, and empirical studies remain rare. This study uses the data from the Phase Ⅲ Chinese Women Social Status Survey to investigate work-family conflict and its impact on job satisfaction. Taken into consideration of the patriarchal and patrilineal family structure in China, the analysis pays special attention to the gender difference in the conflict. We find that both work and family constitute the primary sources for work-family conflicts. It does not matter which of the two causes the conflict, it results in job unsatisfaction. Women are much more affected than men from work and family pressure and subsequently have negative job satisfaction. The finding provides valuable empirical information for theoretical considerations on the subject as well as some practical implications for business management. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Multigenerational Effects in Social Mobility: Evidence from China ZHANG Guijin, ZHANG Dong, ZHOU Wen Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (3): 216-240.   Abstract （1252）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1243KB）（876）       Knowledge map    Save Multigenerational effects between grandparents and grandchildren is a much debated topic in social mobility literature. Data from the China Labor Force Dynamic Survey (2012) is analyzed in this study to track social mobility across three generations in Chinese families. The study finds that association in socio-economic status between grandparents and grandchildren is insignificant for children born before 1980. This age cohort's parents and grandparents experienced the Chinese socialist revolution that completely shifted the social class structure and disrupted the generational cumulative family advantage and disadvantage. Individuals born after 1980 have grandparents who lived through the socialist period but had more opportunities and mobility brought by the market reform. However,the fundamental social stratification order did not change,and thus the cumulative advantage or disadvantage extended from adjacent generation to multi-generation. The study also finds that individuals can achieve social mobility through education,however,family background influences grandchildren's education attainment. For the most recent two age cohorts,children's education is closed correlated not only to their parents but grandparents' socioeconomic status,indicating multigenerational effects in social mobility. This study shows that the multigenerational approach is better situated to examine social mobility in China than the two generation approach. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (3): 242-.   Abstract （596）   HTML    PDF（pc） （11412KB）（1088）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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“Bringing Back Revolution”: Expanding a New Vision of Sociology YING Xing Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (4): 1-39.   Abstract （1695）   HTML    PDF（pc） （915KB）（1297）       Knowledge map    Save Inspired by the works of Max Weber, Chen Yinke and others, this paper discusses the sociological inquiry of the Chinese revolution and its analysis and methodology in an attempt to bring back revolution, a classical sociological subject, to the field of Chinese sociology. Reflecting on some of the quandaries in the field, this study uses a new research approach that applies “sociological imagination” and empirical methods to gain deeper understanding of the unique political culture of the CCP and its profound historical influence. The discussion focuses on issues such as class lines, democratic centralism and mass line. This approach requires a good grasp of western modernity theory and communism, and the evolution of the Chinese revolution. It entails a systematic collection of historical data as well as a comprehension of the relationship between international origins and domestic roots, the relationship among the three contemporary Chinese revolutions of the 1911 Revolution, the Nationalist Revolution and the Communist Revolution, and the relationship of the political line, organizational line and working line adopted by the CCP. It is emphasized that a holistic historical approach should be applied to local events with the benefit of researches in political, social and intellectual history. Sociologists should avoid presumptions based on their own belief, recognize the complexity of the subject and uphold what Max Weber called academic ethics of “intellectual integrity.” Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Quantification of Social Class in the Chinese Communist Land Reform: “The School of Counting” in Communist Party's Land Revolution MENG Qingyan Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (4): 40-75.   Abstract （1501）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1027KB）（736）       Knowledge map    Save The Land Survey Movement (chatian yundong) led by the CCP in 1933 incorporated for the first time quantified measurements into land reform. It became an established practice in the newly liberated areas after 1946 as well as for the nationwide land reform after the 1949 Liberation. The existing research on land reform paid little attention to this important quantification method of social class used to define rural social classes. Even those who did pay attention are mostly interested in the policy side of the practice. This study focuses on the architect of this quantification method——Wang Guanlan. Through historical archives, memoirs, and journal articles and documents, Wang's personal background, his education and involvement in the communist revolution are thoroughly examined to reach an accurate understanding of the person and the practice he was responsible for. In so doing, we gain some insights to the “technocrats” in the CCP during that period and their pragmatism, and how the CCP turned a theoretical and ideological concept of “class” into an applicable measurement to define rural classes and the limitation associated with such a practice. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Gender Difference in Scientific Productivity: An Explanation from the Perspective of Social Network Analysis ZHU Yi'na, HE Guangxi Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (4): 76-102.   Abstract （1314）   HTML    PDF（pc） （697KB）（993）       Knowledge map    Save The issue of gender difference in scientific productivity has long been an important topic in the sociology of science as it reflects the gender inequality in science job market as well as status and income stratification between male and female scientists. The data in this study is drawn from the General Survey of Science Researchers and Technicians in Beijing in 2013 as well as a sample survey of university researchers. The paper explores how social networks among scientists act as an important structural factor contributing to the gender inequality in scientific productivity. Scientific productivity in this study is measured by the number of publications in SCI/EI. Our finding first supports the general observation by other scholars that female scientists' networks tend to be smaller, members less prestigious and have fewer connection with industries, governments and domestic or foreign research institutes, than their male counterpart. Second, the primary network contributor to the gender differences in research productivity seems to be the lack of connection with domestic R & D institutes, foreign researchers and industries, not the size of the networks or connection with the government. This weakness affects female scientists' opportunity to obtain valuable information and funding. Third, the overall social network return on productivity is lower for female scientists than for male scientists, nevertheless, this gender difference seems to be less significant than what is observed in the broad labor market. Among the variables examined, the connection to industries and businesses shows the most noticeable gender difference for its impact on research productivity. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Caught between Ideal and Reality:A Study on Occupational Burnout among Legal Professionals under the Rule by Law Reform in China BI Xiangyang Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (4): 103-132.   Abstract （922）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1523KB）（569）       Knowledge map    Save This paper analyzes job burnout of legal professionals under the rule by law reform in China and its possible causes. Social cognitive theory, including cognitive dissonance, expectancy theory and social comparison theory, provides the analytic framework for this study. The conclusion reveals a high level job burnout among the legal professionals in China. Further analysis indicates that one's commitment to the rule by law, confidence about the reform, and difficulties experienced at daily work are influential factors affecting his/her job stress levels. Importantly, the interaction coefficients between these variables are statistically significant, clearly demonstrating that the discrepancy between expectation and disappointing reality is one of the root causes of job burnout in legal profession. The discrepancy causes cognitive dissonance and psychological imbalance. At theoretical level, this finding opens a new way of examining a particular occupational burnout. It shows that under the rule by law reform, the Chinese legal workers exhibit cognitive discord between ideal and reality, which can constitute a micro-political psychological basis of organizational change as speculated by Neo-institutionalism and in turn reveals some insights for us to understand the reform process within the bureaucratic system. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Perception of Income Fairness:A Sociological New Institutionalist Explanation LIU Xin, HU Anning Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (4): 133-156.   Abstract （1701）   HTML    PDF（pc） （703KB）（1209）       Knowledge map    Save Drawing on the concepts of embeddedness and legitimacy, this study fuses the two theories of primary ideology and self-evaluation on social justice to suggest a new institutionalist explanation of distributive fairness. We argue that people's belief of income fairness is decided by whether one's subjective socioeconomic status agrees with the social consensus. If the self-perceived status is lower than what is by the social consensus, one is likely to feel income unfairness. If the perception is consistent with, or even amounts to a higher status than what is by the social consensus, then one tends to believe income fairness. In other words, people whose subjective socioeconomic status is lower than their occupational prestige are more likely to see their income as unfair than people who have the two harmonized. The results of statistical analysis of the CGSS2006 strongly support our argument. It shows that the proposed theoretical explanation does a better job than the self-interest rational choice theory to explain why people, especially low socioeconomic status members, still view their income to be fair. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited: Baidu(4)

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Wealthier and Happier? A Cross-Sectional Time-series Analysis of Easterlin Paradox in China (2003—2013) WU Hania Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (4): 157-185.   Abstract （1457）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1661KB）（1038）       Knowledge map    Save Forty years ago, economist Richard Easterlin proposed the famous “Easterlin Paradox”: within a short period of time, (both individual and national) wealth is positively correlated with happiness;while in the long run, economic growth has no significant impact on general happiness.Subsequent studies observed empirical inconsistencies when applying time-series analysis to examine the long-term relationship between economic growth and happiness. Therefore, time-series evidence have become the focal point to verify the Easterlin Paradox. China's economic boom has brought research interest in relationship between wealth and happiness, yet mostly are on short-term effects. Little effort has been made to provide the core evidence on Easterlin Paradox by analyzing time-series data, a gap this study seeks to fill in.Cross-sectional time-series data, collected from 2003 to 2013 nationwide in China, are used in this study for both short-term and long-term analyses. Major findings support the proposition of the Easterlin Paradox: (1) significant positive correlation is observed between either household income or provincial GRP per capita and happiness, while (2) no significant correlation is observed between the rapid economic growth and the change of general happiness over the ten years from 2003 to 2013. Possible mechanisms are discussed, including but not limited to rising income inequality, increasing urbanization, growing migrant population and degradation of environment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Class Analysis of Taiwan under Japanese Colonial Occupation LI Shuanglong, LIN Thung-hong Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (4): 186-211.   Abstract （1313）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1985KB）（640）       Knowledge map    Save The existing empirical studies on class structure and social mobility have centered on advanced Western capitalist nations and post-socialist countries. Little has been done about colonialized societies under imperialist occupation. This study draws data from the newly created Colonial Taiwan Household Registration Database to examine the class structure and social mobility of Taiwanese society under Japan's imperialist rule. Occupation categories were recoded under the EGP class schema and the multinomial logistic regression model was employed to estimate the odds ratio of class mobility. The study finds that the longer the Japanese occupation, the more proletarian the population had become. There was a dramatic decline of Taiwanese industrial ownership and self-employment during, the occupation. After the 1920s the rural population decline gradually stabilized. Because urban land owners continued the tradition of partitioning out land to married children, there was a “reverse population flow” from urban to rural. In contrast, rural farmers stood little chance to leave countryside for urban employment. Our study contributes to the understanding of social mobility in Taiwan during Japan's occupation as well as the class inequality in a colonized society. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Creation of “Juvenile” and Its Demise: A Sociological Inquiry on U.S. and Japan's Juvenile Justice XIAO Shihao Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (4): 212-240.   Abstract （1169）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1245KB）（791）       Knowledge map    Save This study attempts to expose the socio-historical mechanism that gave birth to the concept of juvenile and the juvenile justice system in America and Japan. It points out that both are social constructs that are historically and culturally specific. The emergence of writing culture began the distinction between child and adult. Industrialization, urbanization and nuclear family structure have brought a new conceptualization of childhood. This modern idea of childhood as a special development stage distinctive from the adult world became the base for the conception of juvenile and the modern juvenile justice system. However, the new social media environment and the increasingly individualistic nature of western societies have transformed yet again not only childhood itself but the idea of childhood as well, leading to the dissolution of “juvenile” and the adultification of the juvenile justice system in America and Japan. The Chinese juvenile justice system is still in its infancy, largely a carbon copy of Western practices. Law makers in China should not blindly copy foreign systems without questioning their validity. Instead, they should reassess the system, give the Chinese reality a thoughtful examination and formulate realistic laws in dealing with delinquent children. Legal scholars also should free themselves from legal documents and pay attention to concrete conditions, thus avoid the usual formalistic presumption from theories. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Chinese Journal of Sociology    2016, 36 (4): 242-.   Abstract （539）   HTML    PDF（pc） （36990KB）（294）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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