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    20 September 2014, Volume 34 Issue 5
    CCP’s Local Leader, Organizational Form and Rural Society in the 1920s, Illustrated by Zeng Tianyu and Jiangxi Wan’an Rebellion
    YING Xing LI Xia
    2014, 34(5):  1-40. 
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    The CCP transplanted the democratic centralism of the Soviet Union Communist Party (Bolshevik) as its own organizational system at its founding days. This system underwent difficult adjustments during the process of Chinese revolution. After the August 7th Meeting in 1927, the CCP started organizing rebellions in rural areas, which incurred severe challenges to  its organizational principles and capabilities. The particularity of armed rebellion made the relationship more complex between local party who organize the rebellion and the upper level of party, as well as between the leader of the local party and the party system. Jiangxi Wan’an rebellion was one of the rebellions organized by the CCP after the August 7th Meeting. Zeng Tianyu, head of the Wan’an rebellion, represented a certain type of local leaders of the CCP in early times. Moreover, the conflicts in the CCP organizational system exposed in the organizing of Wan’an rebellion were also typical in the period of the Agrarian Revolution War. Employing documents, data of organizations, memoirs, chorographies and journals in the field of CCP history, social history and the history of Republic of China, this paper investigates Zeng Tianyu’s life history and ethos, the background and process of Wan’an rebellion, and the effort and failure of the upper level of party which attempted to strengthen the CCP organization in Wan’an. This paper uncovered three kinds of tension in the organization of early CCP. They are (1) tension between the authority of the officials and personal factors, (2) tension between the effectiveness of organizational discipline and the autonomy of local leaders, and (3) tension between the revolution organizing and traditional resources and local interests. These tensions reviewed above can also explain a series of CCP’s organizational events which happened at the same period.
    Articles
    The Despotic Destiny of a Revolution of Liberty: Tocqueville’s Unfinished Writings on the French Revolution
    CHONG Ming
    2014, 34(5):  41-67. 
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    In his unfinished writings about the French Revolution and Napoleon, Tocqueville analyzed the tension between liberty and equality and the political dynamics of the Revolution. During the liberal revolution from 1787 to 1789 which was the first period of the French Revolution, the class struggle provoked by the radical idea of democratic liberty gradually defeated the ideas of the aristocratic and elitist liberty. The weakening of the royal power and its wrong decisions aggravated the class struggle and strengthened the revolutionary ideology. The popular violence which pushed the radicalization of the Revolution created divisions in the camp of revolution which with the struggle for power brought the reign of Terror. During the late period of the French Revolution, the French people grew disgusted by the instability caused by revolution while enjoying the equality and advantages brought about by the Revolution. As a result, Napoleon Bonaparte who had assumed the equality of the Revolution and abandoned its pursuit of liberty was supported by the French people. Besides the analysis of the revolutionary process and dynamics, Tocqueville’s writings on the French Revolution confirmed his thesis in The Old Regime and the Revolution about the continuity between the Old Regime, the French Revolution and Napoleonic rule. French revolutionaries unwittingly inherited the political culture of Statism and the administrative centralization which dominated the Old Regime,while at the same time they destroyed aristocratic and feudal elements that could resist the absolute power. The French people accomplished the Revolution with the aid of the Old Regime and constructed a state and a centralization that was much more powerful than those autocrats during pre-1789 French history. 
    The Voice of Migrants:How does Hukou Affect Public Consciousness and Participation in China
    CHEN Zhao LU Ming XU Yiqing
    2014, 34(5):  68-87. 
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    Based on China General Social Survey (CGSS) in 2010, this paper investigates the impact of hukou status on urban residents’ public consciousness and public participation. Public consciousness includes selfreported ability of political participation, selfreported confidence of evaluating government’s activity, anticipation of the effectiveness of public participation, individual attitude indicating public consciousness, while public participation includes voting for neighborhood committee members, voting for property owner committee members, and participating in public activities in the local community and involved in group events. We find that nonlocal hukou status has some negative effects on migrants’ public consciousness, and the effects are not significantly weakened with the increase of migrants’ income level or education level. Migrants are more passive in public participation, mainly because of the institutional constraints. However, in terms of being involved in group events or attitude towards unfair treatment from the government, migrants are not that different from the local. That is to say, if there is lack of institutionalized mechanism which effectively responds to migrants’ reasonable appeals, migrants might fight for their rights through those public activities such as group events which may lead to social instability. We also find that urban residents with higher education level or more income have stronger public consciousness; while their public participation, however, is not necessarily more frequent.
    The LeftBehind Experience and Job Mobility of the New Workers: How the System of Migrant Worker Jeopardizes Itself
    WANG Jianhua HUANG Binhuan
    2014, 34(5):  88-104. 
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    This paper criticizes the isolation status of the problem consciousness of two research areas, which are “migrant worker studies” and “leftbehind children studies”. When discussing the inner contradiction of the system of migrant worker, relevant studies have placed their emphasis on the growing experience of the new generation of migrant workers, but ignored the effects of their leftbehind experience. When studying the problem of leftbehind children, most studies have focused on the microinfluence on the children’s education, health and personality, but rarely extended it to the macroinfluence on the process of urbanization and industrialization. By analyzing survey data of “Protecting Rights of Migrant Workers: Theories and Practices”, this paper attempts to establish a correlation between these two areas. The results show that compared to their peer group, new workers with leftbehind experience change their jobs more frequently. Modeling by distinguishing different types of jobs, the difference in job mobility frequency between workers with leftbehind experience and those without  in the manual job model and the nonskilled job model, are larger than the nonmanual job model and the skilled and semiskilled job model respectively, which indicates that it is more difficult for workers with leftbehind experience to adapt to the high intensity and the alienated labor process in the World Factory. Parents’ migration not only results in the parentchild separation and the weakness of the children’s sense of family duty, but also brings out more superior economic conditions and few farming experience, They jointly increase the frequency of job mobility of workers with leftbehind experience. Leftbehind children is the product of the system of migrant workers, and to a certain degree it aggravates the crisis of the further development of the system. The solution of the system crisis lies in gradually granting citizenship to migrant workers and restoring their family life. 
    Labor Migration’s Effects on the Age at First Marriage:A Life Course Perspective
    ZENG Diyang
    2014, 34(5):  105-126. 
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     As China continues its process of marketization and urbanization, more and more people choose to be migrant laborers, who comprise one of the most important segments of China’s current migratory population. The act of migration disrupts the ordinary, stable life course and then creates a series of transitionrelated effects. During this process of migration, marriage is a key issue that not only determines individual life course development, but also relates to the macro level transformation of social structure and demographic structure. Hence, an analysis of the influence of labor migration on first age of marriage will deepen our understanding of the changes migrants undergo in their migration experiences, and provide explanations for the relationships between labor migration and social changes. Drawing upon the data from “2012 Tsinghua Migration Survey”, this paper uses event history analysis model to examine the effects of labor migration on marital timing based on life course theory. The study reveals a negative effect of migration experiences on the likelihood of early marriage. The timing, times and distance of migration also matter, while their effects differentiate between different cohorts. Generally, the impact of migration on first marriage shows a reversed U shape by different cohorts, which is caused by the features of different migration generations and their social circumstance. In sum, this article argues that individual agency plays an important role in how migration influences marriage, resulting in the diversity of migrants’ life courses under a proximate context, and interconnected lives relate individual migrants to the macro family structure. The findings indicate that labor migrants slow down their paces of selfreproduction in the life cycle. As a result, migrants’ individual life course will change significantly, as well as the social structure as a whole. 
    The Critical Mass Effect of Women Leaders’ Percentage on Gender Discrimination in Organizations:An Empirical Study Based on “Survey on Chinese Women’s Social Status, Phase Ⅲ”
    MA Dongling ZHOU Lüjun
    2014, 34(5):  127-146. 
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    Using data from“Survey on Chinese Women’s Social Status, Phase Ⅲ”, this article examines the effectiveness of the quota system, and the relationship between the percentage of women in the leadership and the level of gender discrimination in an organization. Through a multivariate statistical analysis, it tests the hypothesis of the critical mass theory, that is, the situation of a certain social group within an organization would significantly improve if the percentage of the people belonging to that group exceeds a given threshold.
    According to the research, when the percentage of women in the leadership of an organization reaches 30%, gender discrimination would fall dramatically, with gender discrimination index significantly decreased and gender inequality in hiring, promotion, job assignment, retirement and deputy position appointment reduced. Such effects are found with varying degrees in organizations from political, economic and academic circles, and in both institutions steered by the state and those not.
    Findings of the research have not only built empirical grounds for the critical mass theory, but also had implications for policies that increase the percentage of women in the leadership. Further discussions of the research indicate that stateinitiated gender equality ideology performs the best in the political circle, and that political organizations have stronger willingness and ability to pursue social equality, social justice and social integration than other organizations. The differences of critical mass effect in state organizations and nonstate organizations serves to prove the effectiveness of state intervention in promoting gender equality. As women’s movements in China are deeply influenced by the government, a reevaluation of this new socialist tradition is highly necessary.
    Drying Mechanism:The Operating Logic of Justice in Rural China
    LIU Zhengqiang
    2014, 34(5):  147-173. 
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     Since the late 1970s, under the context of Sending Law to the Countryside, China has being promoted the legal construction in rural areas nationwide,and has completed the framework of the rural judicial system. Meanwhile, the daily lives in rural China are still to some extent regulated by patriarchal clan system, which often incurs conflicts between local ethics and judicial system. By analyzing a case over divorce dispute, this article intends to reveal the operating logic of justice in rural China as a Drying Mechanism. It observes that the judges of the grassroot courts often take out many facts which are often considered as regarding morals, habits and experiences, in order to achieve a socalled genuine and positive justice. Aiming at a formal rationality, the judges often reconstruct the case in a rigid, even somehow stubborn but authoritative way. Originating from the special design of the accept and hearing procedures of certain cases,Drying Mechanism is the result of legal formalization, to some extent featuring the socalled Veil of Ignorance in China’s courts. Drying Mechanism actually has combined the universality of law and the local, representing both rural life and judicial space. An inherent tension of justice in rural China has been exposed by this logic, which, however, is indispensable, as pragmatically,it prevents the judicial system from being overburdened despite the arbitrary of rationality shown in its operation occasionally. Thereby, it shapes a conception of Rule of Law in the rural Chinese life world. The dilemma between the court procedure and the de facto unclear course may show a limitation of the universality of justice, which actually is also local. In short, Drying Mechanism sheds light on a new recognition and explanation of the operation of justice in rural China.
    #br# The Biographical Turn in Sociology: A Dimension of Contemporary Sociology
    BAO Lei
    2014, 34(5):  174-205. 
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    Compared with the long history of auto/biography, biographical research in social sciences is fairly a recent thing. There has been a major turn towards biographical approaches in social science (especially in sociology) since the 1980s.  Used by Chicago School in the 1920s-1930s, biographical sociology has been supplemented and enlarged ever since. It explores the interplay of biography, culture, and history, and represents the sociological imagination promoted by Wright Mills. The turn, generally speaking, is a reaction against the positivistic domination grounded in social research, emphasizing the role of individual subjectivity and human agency in social life. The turn tries to overcome a series of dualisms or dichotomies inherent in traditional sociological theories. It intends to guide sociologists to rethink about the conceptual framework, topics of enquiry, and also the procedures and practices at the heart of sociology and other social sciences. However, this emergent turn remains controversial. Pierre Bourdieu even denounces it as an illusion. Despite this, biographical sociology will claim a bigger place in academic research with the coming of socalled “the age of biography”. For its further growth, biographical sociology needs to develop its own framework, referring to  classic sociological theories,and also to advance its capability of producing original knowledge about social structure and process from the study of individual life stories.