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政策学习的障碍及其超越——以中国国家饮用水标准为例

*作者：王程韡　清华大学科技与社会研究中心.E-mail： chengwei.thu@gmail．com   

  1. *作者：王程韡　清华大学科技与社会研究中心（Author：Wang Chengwei，Center of Science Technology and Society， Tsinghua University）Email： chengwei.thu@gmail．com
  • 出版日期:2010-07-20 发布日期:2010-07-20
  • 通讯作者: *作者：王程韡　清华大学科技与社会研究中心（Author：Wang Chengwei，Center of Science Technology and Society， Tsinghua University）E-mail： chengwei.thu@gmail．com E-mail:chengwei.thu@gmail．com
  • 作者简介:*作者：王程韡　清华大学科技与社会研究中心
  • 基金资助:

    **本研究受到国家自然科学基金面上自由项目“转型期中国政策议程的触发机制研究”（70673042）的资助。

Obstacles in Policy Learning and Obstacle Surmounting： The Case of China’s Drinking Water Standards

*Author：Wang Chengwei，Center of Science Technology and Society， Tsinghua University   

  1. *Author：Wang Chengwei，Center of Science Technology and Society， Tsinghua University
  • Online:2010-07-20 Published:2010-07-20
  • Contact: *Author：Wang Chengwei，Center of Science Technology and Society， Tsinghua University）E-mail： chengwei.thu@gmail．com E-mail:chengwei.thu@gmail．com
  • About author:*Author：Wang Chengwei，Center of Science Technology and Society， Tsinghua University
  • Supported by:

    **This research was supported by NSFC ［National Science Foundation of China］ Project“The Trigger

    Mechanisn of Policy Agenda Setting in Transitonal China”［70673042］．

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摘要：

本文通过对政策学习理论的梳理，借鉴了Latour的联结社会学的概念，对政策学习的社会性作了拓展，并将

政策学习的问题定义为政策相关的行动者网络和异质性理念的共同演化。作者认为，在政策学习的过程中，随着网

络联结的固化和知识集合稳定为“共识”，政策学习的障碍也由此“共生”；相反，由处在不同网络联结关系中行

动者的个体学习所引发的多样性的“失衡”，也为政策学习障碍的超越奠定了必要性的基础。本文进而以中国饮用

水标准20年演变过程为例，验证了政策学习障碍的生成及其超越的机制。作者认为新标准的推出是在新的行动者加

入的情况下原有的“环保”问题被转译成“公共安全”问题所致。同时，反思了饮用水标准本身被20世纪70、80年

代和21世纪两次标准化繁盛时期边缘化的原因。最终针对标准执行过程中“公共”贯彻的不彻底以及没能透彻的理

解“安全”的含义等社会体制方面的阻力，揭示了新饮用水标准在执行中可能面临的深层次困难。

关键词: 政策学习　, 饮用水标准　, 行动者网络

Abstract:

This paper extends the sociality of policy learning by means of reviewing its theory and

referring to Latour’s sociology of association， and defines policy learning as the coevolution

of the policy relevant actornetworks and their heterogeneous ideas． The author contends that，

during the process of policy learning， its obstacles arise with the solidification of network

associations and stabilization of knowledge sets into a “consensus．” By contrast， various

imbalances resulting from the actors’ individual learning in different network associations serve

as the necessary foundation for overcoming the obstacles． This paper examines the evolutionary case

of China’s drinking water standards in the past 20 years to verify the mechanisms for the emergence

and surmounting of the obstacles in policy learning from the constructivist perspective． The author

holds that the new national standards are the product of “environment protection” being translated

into an issue of “public safety” by newly participating actors． The marginalization of the

drinking water standards in the two high waves for standardization in the 1970s/1980s and at the

beginning of the 21st century is also reflected upon． Finally， the paper points out possible

hidden difficulties in the execution of the new drinking water standards as resistance exists in

social institutions such as incompleteness in the implementation of the standards and lack of a

thorough comprehension of “public safety．” 

Key words: policy learning, drinking water standards, actornetworks