影响城镇女性就业的微观因素及其变化：1995年与2002年比较

社会杂志

影响城镇女性就业的微观因素及其变化：1995年与2002年比较

吴愈晓,山东大学哲学与社会发展学院

吴愈晓,山东大学哲学与社会发展学院

出版日期:2010-11-24 发布日期:2010-11-24
通讯作者: 吴愈晓,山东大学哲学与社会发展学院  E-mail:ywu2008@sdu.edu.cn
作者简介:吴愈晓,山东大学哲学与社会发展学院
基金资助:
本研究得到山东大学自主创新基金项目“改革以来中国的职业结构变迁研究”（RC28）的资助

Impacts of Individual Factors on Women’s Employment in Urban China：Comparison of 1995 and 2002

Wu Yuxiao，School of Philosophy and Social Development， Shandong University

Wu Yuxiao，School of Philosophy and Social Development， Shandong University

Online:2010-11-24 Published:2010-11-24
Contact: Wu Yuxiao，School of Philosophy and Social Development， Shandong University E-mail:ywu2008@sdu.edu.cn
About author:Wu Yuxiao，School of Philosophy and Social Development， Shandong University
Supported by:
The research was supported by the project “Changes of Occupational Structure in China since the Reform”（RC28） of Independent Innovation Foundation of Shandong University

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

20世纪90年代中期以来，中国城镇劳动力市场结构发生了巨大的变化，女性的劳动参与率大幅下降。本研究利用1995和2002年“中国城镇居民收入调查”数据，检验了教育获得、家庭责任（婚姻和子女）和家庭经济状况三项个人或家庭因素对女性就业决策的影响以及它们效应的变化情况。研究发现，在1995年至2002年间，教育的正面效应变小，即教育对女性就业的影响力下降，但婚姻和家庭经济状况对女性就业的影响力上升。对照1995年， 2002年时家庭收入高的已婚妇女更有可能不工作，表明这是城镇女性就业决策走向理性化的一个过程。另外，作者并不认同“沮丧的工人”观点，认为失去正式工作的低收入家庭女性因生活所迫更可能进入非正式劳动力市场继续就业，而不是对再就业失去信心而永久退出劳动。

关键词: 女性就业 , 市场转型 , 经济发展 , 城镇劳动力市场

Abstract:

It is well known that women’s employment has been decreasing since mid1990s in urban China． Using data from 1995 and 2002 Urban Household Income Surveys， this paper estimates the effects of education， family responsibility （marriage and children）， and family economic status on women’s employment in urban China and their changes over time． It is found that， between 1995 and 2002， the positive effect of education on women’s employment decreased， whereas the negative effects of marriage and family economic situation increased． Compared with the situation in 1995， married women who enjoyed high household incomes in 2002 were more likely not to participate in the labor market， which suggests a transition in women’s employment decision making toward rational reasoning since they had the liberty to decide whether they would like to go for the paid work or stay at home． The author does not agree with the “discouraged workers” argument because laidoff women in lowincome families should be very likely to enter the secondary labor market rather than permanently retire from the labor force because of their loss of confidence for reemployment．

Key words: women’s employment , market transition , economic development , urban labor market

吴愈晓. 影响城镇女性就业的微观因素及其变化：1995年与2002年比较[J]. 社会杂志.

Wu Yuxiao. Impacts of Individual Factors on Women’s Employment in Urban China：Comparison of 1995 and 2002[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology.

参考文献

Becker， Gary． 1975．〖WT《XB》〗Human Capital〖WT《B》〗． New York： Columbia University Press．
蔡昉、王美艳．2004．中国城镇劳动参与率的变化及其政策含义［J］．中国社会科学（4）．［Cai Fang and Wang Meiyan． 2004． “Changing Labor Force Participation in Urban China and Its Implications．” 〖WT《XB》〗Chinese Social Science〖WT《B》〗（4）．（in Chinese）］
蔡昉、都阳、王美艳．2005．中国劳动力市场转型与发育［M］．商务印书馆．［Cai Fang， Du Yang， and Wang Meiyan． 2005．〖WT《XB》〗How Close is China to a Labor Market?〖WT《B》〗 Beijing： The Commercial Press．］
Cohen， Philip N． and Suzanne M． Bianchi． 1999． “Marriage， Children， and Women’s Employment： What do We Know?” 〖WT《XB》〗Monthly Labor Review〖WT《B》〗 122： 22〖CD*2〗31．
丁仁船．2008．宏观经济因素对中国城镇劳动供给的影响［J］．中国人口科学（3）．［Ding Renchuan． 2008． “The Influence of Macroeconomic Factors on Labor Supply in China’s Cities．”〖WT《XB》〗 Chinese Journal of Population Science〖WT《B》〗（3）．（in Chinese）］
England， Paula， Carmen GarciaBeaulieu， and Mary Ross． 2004． “Women’s Employment among Blacks， Whites， and Three Groups of Latinas： Do More Privileged Women have Higher Employment?” 〖WT《XB》〗Gender and Society〖WT《B》〗 18： 494〖CD*2〗509． 
Flaim， Paul． 1984． “Discouraged Workers： How Strong are Their Links to the Job Market?” 〖WT《XB》〗Monthly Labor Review〖WT《B》〗 107： 8〖CD*2〗11． 
Goldin， Claudia． 1990．〖WT《XB》〗Understanding the Gender Gap： An Economic History of American Women〖WT《B》〗． Oxford： Oxford University Press
Gustafsson， Bjorn and Shi Li． 2000．“Economic Transformation and the Gender Earnings Gap in Urban China．” 〖WT《XB》〗Journal of Population Economics 〖WT《B》〗13： 305〖CD*2〗329． 
Honig， Emily． 2000． “Iron Girls Revisited： Gender and the Politics of Work in the Cultural Revolution， 1966〖CD*2〗1976．” In Barbara Entwisle and Gail E． Henderson （eds．）〖WT《XB》〗ReDrawing Boundaries： Work， Households， and Gender in China〖WT《B》〗． University of California Press：97〖CD*2〗110． 
金一虹．2006．“铁姑娘”再思考：中国文革期间的社会性别与劳动［J］．社会学研究（1）．［Jin Yihong． 2006． “Rethinking the ‘Iron Girls’： Gender and Labor in China during the Cultural Revolution．” 〖WT《XB》〗Sociological Studies〖WT《B》〗（1）．（in Chinese）］
奈特、宋丽娜．1999．中国的经济增长、经济改革和收入差距的扩大［G］//赵人伟、李实、李思勤，主编．中国居民收入分配再研究．中国财政经济出版社．［Knight， John and Song Lina． 1999． “Chinese Economic Development， Economic Reform and Expansion of Income Inequality．” In Zhao Renwei， Li Shi， and Li Siqin （eds．）．〖WT《XB》〗Restudying Income Distribution among Chinese Population〖WT《B》〗． Beijing： Chinese Finance and Economics Press．］
李春玲、李实．2008．市场竞争还是性别歧视——收入性别差异扩大趋势及其原因解释［J］．社会学研究（2）．［Li Chunling and Li Shi． 2008 “Rising Gender Income Gap and Its Dynamics in China：Market Competition or gender Discrimination?” 〖WT《XB》〗Sociological Studies〖WT《B》〗（2）．（in Chinese）］
李煜．2008．婚姻的教育匹配：50年来的变迁［J］．中国人口科学（3）．［Li Yu． 2008． “Trends in Educational Assortative Marriage：1949〖CD*2〗2000．” 〖WT《XB》〗Chinese Journal of Population Science 〖WT《B》〗（3）．（in Chinese）］
刘精明．2006．劳动力市场结构变迁与人力资本收益［J］．社会学研究（6）．［Liu Jingming〖KG-*9〗． 2006． “The Change of Labor Market Structure and Returns on Human Capital．” 〖WT《XB》〗Sociological Studies〖WT《B》〗（6）．（in Chinese）］
Mare， Robert． 1991． “Five Decades of Educational Assortative Mating〖KG-*9〗．” 〖WT《XB》〗American Sociological Review 〖WT《B》〗56：15〖CD*2〗32． 
Mincer， Jacob． 1962． “Labor Force Participation of Married Women： A Study of Labor Supply．” in 〖WT《XB》〗Aspects of Labor Economics〖WT《B》〗． UniversityNational Bureau Committee for Economic Research． Princeton University Press：63〖CD*2〗97． 
潘锦棠．2002．经济转轨中的中国女性就业与社会保障［J］．管理世界（7）．［Pan Jintang〖KG-*9〗． 2002． “Chinese Women’s Employment and Social Security during Economic Transition．” 〖WT《XB》〗Management World〖WT《B》〗（7）．（in Chinese）］
Parish， Willaim and Sarah Busse． 2000． “Gender and Work．” In Wenfang Tang and Willaim Parish （eds．）．〖WT《XB》〗Chinese Urban Life under Reform．〖WT《B》〗 New York： Cambridge University Press． 
Pettit， Becky and Jennifer Hook． 2005． “The Structure of Women’s Employment in Comparative Perspective．” 〖WT《XB》〗Social Forces〖WT《B》〗 84： 779〖CD*2〗801． 
Polachek， Solomon． 1978． “gender Differences in Education： An Analysis of the Determinants of College Major．” 〖WT《XB》〗Industrial and Labor Relations Review〖WT《B》〗 31： 498〖CD*2〗508． 
Tienda， Marta and Jennifer Glass． 1985． “Household Structure and Labor Force Participation of Black， Hispanic， and White Mothers．” 〖WT《XB》〗Demography〖WT《B》〗 22： 381〖CD*2〗394． 
Van De Lippe， Tanja and Liset Van Dijk． 2002． “Comparative Research on Women’s Employment．” 〖WT《XB》〗Annual Review of Sociology〖WT《B》〗 28： 221〖CD*2〗241． 
王汉生、陈智霞．1998．再就业政策与下岗工人再就业行为［J］．社会学研究（4）．［Wang Hansheng and Chen Zhixia． 1998． “ReEmployment Policy and ReEmployment Behaviors of Laidoff Workers．” 〖WT《XB》〗Sociological Studies〖WT《B》〗（4）．（in Chinese）］
Wu， Yuxiao． 2006． “Women in the Labor Market： Cohort Effects， Period Effects， and LifeCourse Effects upon Women’s Employment in the United States， 1975〖CD*2〗2002．” Doctoral Dissertation of Northwestern University． 
谢桂华．2006．市场转型与下岗工人［J］．社会学研究（1）．［Xie Guihua． 2006． “Market Transition and Laidoff Workers．” 〖WT《XB》〗Sociological Studies〖WT《B》〗（1）．（in Chinese）］
姚先国、谭岚．2005．家庭收入与中国城镇已婚妇女劳动参与决策分析［J］．经济研究（7）．［Yao Xianguo and Tan Lan． 2005． “Family Income and Labor Force Participation of Married Women in Unban China．” 〖WT《XB》〗Economic Studies〖WT《B》〗（7）．（in Chinese）］
张车伟、吴要武．2005．城镇劳动供求形势与趋势分析［J］．中国人口科学（5）．［Zhang Juwei and Wu Yaowu． 2005． “Analysis of Trends of Urban Labor Supply and Demand in China．” 〖WT《XB》〗Chinese Journal of Population Science 〖WT《B》〗（5）．（in Chinese）］

责任编辑：路英浩