参军：制度变迁下的社会分层与个体选择性流动

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

国家制度变迁不仅带来社会分层机制的变化，也促使个体对流动机会做出主动选择，因此，地位获得模式不能仅考虑分层机制而忽略微观个体选择性流动的影响。基于CGSS2006数据，本文对参军问题的分析支持了这种观点。研究发现，参军作为政治忠诚的体现，对个体的回报在改革后有较大下降；不同时期参军地位获得模式体现着社会分层机制的变化和对参军回报审视后个体选择性流动的共同作用；当参军能带来较高回报时，参军资源在不同地位群体间体现出更大的不平等。〖JP2〗最后，在参军期间的地位获得上，由于权力的屏蔽效应，个体选择性流动使得此时的地位获得出现了与一般模式截然相反的趋势，即农村青年和体力劳动者的子女反而有更高的入党比例。〖JP〗

关键词: 参军, 制度变迁, 选择性流动, 社会分层

Abstract:

The state’s institutional transition has not only brought about changes in the social stratification mechanism but also stimulated individuals to actively make choices for mobility. Therefore, the model of status attainment should not consider the stratification mechanism only and ignore the impact from the individual mobility of choice at the micro level. The analysis of the enlistment data from the CGSS2006 survey reported in this paper has supported this view. The reward of enlistment as a manifest of political loyalty has greatly decreased during the postreform era. The modes to attain soldier statuses in different periods embodied the combined effects of the changing social stratification mechanisms and the individual mobility of choice after examining the reward of the military service. When the military service could bring in a higher reward, the distribution of this resource showed a higher level of inequality across different strata. Lastly, in the status attainment during the military service, because of the effects of the power being shielded, the individually selected mobility changed the direction in status attainment to the opposite, i.e., it was the rural youth and the children of the manual workers that had a higher probability to become Communist Party members.

Key words: enlistment, institutional transition, selective mobility, social stratification

汪建华 . 参军：制度变迁下的社会分层与个体选择性流动[J]. 社会杂志.

Wang Jianhua. Enlistment: Social Stratification and Individual Mobility of Choice in the Institutional Transition[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology.

参考文献

参考文献（References）

Bian,Yanjie and John Logan. 1996. “Market Transition and the Persistence of Power: The Changing Stratification System in Urban China.” 〖WTB4X〗American Sociological Review〖WTB4〗 (61): 739〖CD*2〗759.
Browning, Harley L., Sally C. Lopreato, and Dudley L. Poston. 1973. “Income and Veteran Status.” 〖WTB4X〗American Sociological Review〖WTB4〗 (38):67〖CD*2〗85.
Butler, John S. 1976. “Inequality in the Military: An Examination of Promotion Time for Black and White Enlisted Personnel.” 〖WTB4X〗American Sociological Review〖WTB4〗 (41):808〖CD*2〗18.
李煜.2006.制度变迁与教育不平等的产生机制——中国城市子女的教育获得［J］.中国社会科学(4).［Li Yu. 2006. “Institutional Change and Educational Inequality: Mechanisms in Educational Stratification in Urban China (1966〖CD*2〗2003).” 〖WTB4X〗Social Science in China〖WTB4〗(4).(in Chinese)］
林建公、程秀龙、曹宏、崔淑霞、曲静涛，2006.新中国军旅大事纪实［M］.长沙：湖南人民出版社.［Lin Jiangong 〖WTB4X〗et al〖WTB4〗,.2006.〖WTB4X〗 “The Record of Important Military Affairs in Republic of China.”〖WTB4〗 Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House.］ 
Lin, Nan and Bian Yanjie.1989. “Getting ahead in Urban China.”〖WTB4X〗 American Journal of Sociology 〖WTB4〗(97): 657〖CD*2〗688.
刘精明.1999.“文革”事件对入学、升学模式的影响［J］.社会学研究(6).［Liu Jingmin.1999. “The Impact of the Cultural Revolution on the Patterns of Entrance and Enrollment.” 〖WTB4X〗Sociological Studies〖WTB4〗(6).(in Chinese)］
刘精明.2008.中国基础教育领域中的机会不平等及其变化［J］.中国社会科学(5).［Liu Jingmin.2008. “Changing Patterns of Inequality of Educational Opportunity in Basic Education in China.” 〖WTB4X〗Social Science in China〖WTB4〗(5).(in Chinese)］
Nee,Victor. 1989. “A Theory of Market Transition: From Redistribution to Markets in State Socialism.” 〖WTB4X〗American Sociological Review〖WTB4〗 (54): 663〖CD*2〗681.
Parish, William L.1984.“Destratification in China.” In〖WTB4X〗 Class and Social Stratification in PostRevolution China〖WTB4〗, edited by J. Watson. New York: Cambridge Press: 84〖CD*2〗120.
Polanyi, Karl. 1944. 〖WTB4X〗The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time〖WTB4〗. New York: Rinehart. 
RonaTas, Akos. 1994. “The First Shall Be Last? Entrepreneurship and Communist Cadres in the Transition from Socialism.” 〖WTB4X〗American Journal of Sociology〖WTB4〗 (100): 40〖CD*2〗69.
Shichor, Yitzhak. 1996. “Demobilization: The Dialectics of PLA Troop Reduction.” 〖WTB4X〗The China Quarterly〖WTB4〗 (146): 336〖CD*2〗359.
Szelenyi, Ivan. 1978. “Social Inequalities in State Socialist Redistributive Economies.” 〖WTB4X〗International Journal of Comparative Sociology〖WTB4〗 (19): 63〖CD*2〗87.
Szelenyi, Ivan and Kostello E. 1996. “The Market Transition Debate: Towards a Synthesis?” 〖WTB4X〗American Journal of Sociology〖WTB4〗 (101): 1082〖CD*2〗1096.
Teachman, Jay D.and Vaughn Call. 1996. “The Effect of Military Service on Educational, Occupational, and Income Attainment.” 〖WTB4X〗Social Science Quarterly 〖WTB4〗(25):1〖CD*2〗31.
Walder.1986. 〖WTB4X〗Communist NeoTraditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry〖WTB4〗. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Walder.2009. “Revolution, Reform, and Status Inheritances: Urban China, 1949〖CD*2〗1996.” 〖WTB4X〗American Journal of Sociology〖WTB4〗 (114): 1395〖CD*2〗1427.
Wang, James C.F. 1989.〖WTB4X〗 Contemporary Chinese Politics: An Introduction〖WTB4〗. New Jersey: Prentic Hall.
Wu, Xiaogang and Xie Yu. 2003. “Does the Market Pay Off ? Earnings Returns to Education in Urban China. ”〖WTB4X〗American Sociological Review 〖WTB4〗(68).
Wu, Xiaogang and Donald J. Treiman. 2002. “The Household Registration System and Social Stratification in China: 1955〖CD*2〗1996.” 〖WTB4X〗Demography〖WTB4〗 (41): 363〖CD*2〗384.
Wu, Xiaogang and Xie Yu. 2003.“Does the Market Pay Off ? Earnings Returns to Education.” 〖WTB4X〗Social Science Quarterly 〖WTB4〗(76):39〖CD*2〗55.
吴晓刚.2006.“下海”:中国城乡劳动力市场转型中的自雇活动与社会分层(1978〖CD*2〗1996)［J］.社会学研究(6).［Wu, Xiaogang.2006. “Jumping into the Sea: SelfEmployment in Labor Markets Transition, and Social Stratification, 1978〖CD*2〗1996.” 〖WTB4X〗Sociological Studies〖WTB4〗(6). (in Chinese)］
Xie, Yu. 1992. “The Socioeconomic Status of Young Male Veterans, 1964〖CD*2〗1984.”〖WTB4X〗 Social Science Quarterly〖WTB4〗 (73):379〖CD*2〗91.
周建设.1992.国防资源逆向开发——中国军转民问题研究［M］.长沙：湖南出版社.［Zhou Jianshe.1992. 〖WTB4X〗The Peaceful Development of Resources of National Defense: A Study of the Conversion of Military Resources to Civilian Fields in China〖WTB4〗. Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House.］
Zhou, Xueguang.2000. “Economic Transformation and Income Inequality in Urban China: Evidence from Panel Data.” 〖WTB4X〗American Journal of Sociology〖WTB4〗 (105): 1135〖CD*2〗1174.
Zhou, Xueguang, Nancy Brandon Tuma, and Phyllis Moen. 1996. “Stratification Dynamics Under State Socialism: The Case of Urban China, 1949〖CD*2〗1993.” 〖WTB4X〗Social Force〖WTB4〗 (74): 759〖CD*2〗796. 
Zhou, Xueguang， Phyllis Moen, and Nancy Brandon Tuma. 1998. “Educational Stratification in Urban China: 1949〖CD*2〗94.” 〖WTB4X〗Sociology of Education〖WTB4〗 (71): 199〖CD*2〗222.

责任编辑：彦奭
实行编辑：肖日葵

[1]	方长春, 刘欣. 地理空间与住房不平等:基于CFPS2016的经验分析[J]. 社会杂志, 2020, 40(4): 163-190.
[2]	郑莉, 曾旭晖. 社会分层与健康不平等的性别差异:基于生命历程的纵向分析[J]. 社会杂志, 2016, 36(6): 209-237.
[3]	吴晓刚. 中国当代的高等教育、精英形成与社会分层——来自“首都大学生成长追踪调查”的初步发现[J]. 社会杂志, 2016, 36(3): 1-31.
[4]	叶晓阳，丁延庆. 扩张的中国高等教育：教育质量与社会分层[J]. 社会杂志, 2015, 35(3): 193-220.
[5]	梁波. 权力游戏与产业制度变迁——以中国石油产业外部合作战略转型为例（1988-2008）[J]. 社会杂志, 2012, 32(1): 38-67.
[6]	李国武李璐. 社会需求、资源供给、制度变迁与民间组织发展——基于中国省级经验的实证研究[J]. 社会杂志, 2011, 31(6): 74-102.
[7]	李国武，侯佳伟. 锦标赛体制与中国省级开发区的增长——基于省级经验的研究[J]. 社会杂志, 2011, 31(2): 42-72.
[8]	林宗弘,吴晓刚. 中国的制度变迁、阶级结构转型和收入不平等：1978-2005[J]. 社会杂志, 2010, 30(6): 1-40.
[9]	吕炳强(Lui PingKeung). 社会分层里的行政他性：李普瑟的结构张力论[J]. 社会杂志, 2010, 30(4): 73-90.
[10]	洪岩璧. 族群与教育不平等:我国西部少数民族教育获得的一项实证研究[J]. 社会杂志, 2010, 30(2): 45-73.
[11]	吴晓刚. 1990-2000年中国的经济转型、学校扩招和教育不平等[J]. 社会杂志, 2009, 29(5): 88-113.
[12]	周雪光. 一叶知秋：从一个乡镇的村庄选举看中国社会的制度变迁[J]. 社会杂志, 2009, 29(3): 1-23.
[13]	李友梅. 从财富分配到风险分配：中国社会结构重组的一种新路径[J]. 社会杂志, 2008, 28(6): 1-14 .
[14]	王天夫;李博柏. 平等主义国家理想与区隔主义官僚体系：一个社会分层结构的新模型[J]. 社会杂志, 2008, 28(5): 58-73 .
[15]	张乐;张翼. 从结论看方法：社会学研究的现实性维度思考——关于美国社会学者对中国社会分层研究的讨论*[J]. 社会杂志, 2008, 28(1): 42-42 .