社会杂志 ›› 2018, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (3): 136-169.

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

古典家庭的解构与婚姻的圣化:奥古斯丁对社会基本单元的新构建

冯小茫   

  1. 南京财经大学法学院
  • 出版日期:2018-05-20 发布日期:2018-05-20
  • 通讯作者: 冯小茫 E-mail:fengxiaomang@126.com

The Deconstruction of the Classical Family and the Sanctification of Marriage: Augustine's New Construction of the Basic Unit of the Society

FENG Xiaomang   

  1. School of Law, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics
  • Online:2018-05-20 Published:2018-05-20

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摘要：

家庭是古典社会的基本单元，是一个基于自然权力的支配架构。奥古斯丁把个体抽离出世俗共同体，还原为纯粹的精神实体，为基督教的社会模式奠定了基点。奥古斯丁否认世俗共同体具有任何终极和德性涵义，导致家庭作为最基本的共同体形式，以一种“去自然”的方式被解构。奥古斯丁进而在基督教的框架下把人类社会理解为一个基于“平等和友爱”原则的“团契”（societas）；在这个抽象的精神性社会里，具有神圣意味的婚约（圣化的婚姻）以相同的原则构建起来，是体现人类社会性的最基础的组织单位，奥古斯丁由此构建起以“婚约”为基本单元的全新社会模式。该模式在中世纪晚期趋于瓦解，但其构建原则却为现代社会的基本单元——基于夫妻制度的核心家庭所继承。

关键词: 社会基本单元, 奥古斯丁, 家庭, 婚姻, 团契

Abstract:

Family, which is a construction based on and controlled by natural powers in the ancient times, is the basic unit of classical society. From the point of view of Christianity, Augustine dissociates the individual from secular communities and restores him to a purely spiritual entity, so as to establish a starting point for the Christian model of society. Meanwhile, the classical family, as the basic organizational form of community, is deconstructed by Augustine through denaturing its natural power. Augustine denies the virtuous and ultimate meaning of any secular communities. As a result, Augustine understands human society, in the framework of Christianity, as a "societas" based on the principle of equality and love. In this metaphysical society, marriage is established and sanctified on the same principle of equality and love, and so the hallowed marriage contract becomes the smallest basic organizational form of human society, instead of family in ancient times. Augustine thus creates a brand new model of society based on the marriage contract as its basic unit. Although this new model occupied the dominant position in medieval Europe, it has always had an inner tension between the ideal and the reality. With the collapse of Feudalism and Catholicism, this model began to disintegrate, but the principle of equality, love and contract remains. The Renaissance, the Reformation and the Enlightenment together emancipated the individual from the religious community and established the modern idea of individual as capable and deserving of "liberty and reason". On this basis, modern thinkers such as Hobbes and Hegel introduced the principle of equality, love and marriage contract as the organizational logic of the family, and then of the society. By this way, modern thinkers form a complete chain that starts from the atomic individual and ends with the whole of society so as to establish an entirely new pattern for the organization of human society. The family of this new type i.e., the "core family" based on the marriage system as T nnies and Durkheim suggest, becomes the basic unit of modern society.

Key words: marriage, basic unit of society, societas, family, Augustine