以可行能力视角看待障碍:对现有残障模式的反思与探索

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

残障研究经历了个人模式—医学模式—社会模式的发展历程，社会模式对残障产生的原因进行了革命性的解释，大大推进了残障人士权益的发展。但上述模式都将关注点放在障碍产生的原因上，而这可能会强化原因与作为影响的障碍之间的固定联系，进而加重刻板印象以及弱势地位等问题；此外，以原因区分障碍的做法并不能准确地反映人们在现实中遭遇的障碍，在认识、分析和处理障碍方面也存在一些困难和缺陷。因此，我们应当尝试将关注点从障碍产生的原因转向障碍本身，以可行能力受限或者受损看待障碍，将原因和障碍真正“解绑”，从而超越“医学模式—社会模式”“社会隔离—社会融合”“优势—劣势”这些不合理的二元对立。基于这样的转变，我们可以为消除障碍找到更加精准、更具有整体性且更加有效的办法。

关键词: 社会模式, 可行能力, 普同模式, 障碍

Abstract:

The discipline of disabilities studies has gone through a line of Personal Model to Medical Model to Social Model. All three models place their focus on the causes of disabilities and view them as the core of disabilities. Such a limitation reflects the conventional thought mode of cause-impact and can lead to stereotypes and labeling of disabled people. Researchers like Tom Shakespeare criticize the Social Model for its rigid dichotomy of impairment (bodily difference) and disability (social creation),as well as its dichotomy of social exclusion and social inclusion. This paper suggests that understanding the disability by focusing on impacts than on causes is a better approach. The capabilities approach frees us from competing claims on the causes of disabilities and channels our attention to capabilities and potentials of the person in a personal,ever-changing and holistic environment. This approach examines the abilities of an individual,not a labeled group,to tackle specific elements that make a situation disabling for a given person. Thus,the approach gives us a precise model of disabilities and a possibility to achieve a more comprehensive and effective response to the disabled.

Key words: Universal Model, disability, Social Model, capabilities

于莲. 以可行能力视角看待障碍:对现有残障模式的反思与探索[J]. 社会杂志, 2018, 38(4): 160-179.

YU Lian. Disability as Capability Limitation: Review and Reflection on the Existing Models of Disability Study[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2018, 38(4): 160-179.

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[1]	杨锃. 残障者的制度与生活：从“个人模式”到“普同模式”[J]. 社会杂志, 2015, 35(6): 85-115.
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