社会杂志 ›› 2018, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (4): 54-99.

• 专题一：文明与边疆 • 上一篇    下一篇

“佛王”与皇帝:清初以来滇缅边疆银矿业的兴衰与山区社会的族群动员

马健雄   

  1. 香港科技大学人文学部
  • 出版日期:2018-07-20 发布日期:2018-07-20
  • 作者简介:马健雄,E-mail:hmjxm780148@gmail.com
  • 基金资助:

    香港大学教育资助委员会研究项目的资助

Buddha-King versus Emperor: Ethnic Mobilization among Mountain Communities and the Decline of Silver Mining Industry in the Yunnan and Burma Border Region

MA Jianxiong   

  1. Division of Humanities, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
  • Online:2018-07-20 Published:2018-07-20
  • Supported by:

    This research was supported by the Research Grants Council(RGC) General Research Fund Project(No.16655916).

PDF

127

摘要：

在滇缅交界山区，随着清初大型银矿的开发，地方土司受到来自清朝和缅甸两方国家力量的掣肘。新兴宗教的宗师铜金和尚利用矿工秘密社会、矿区商路和私盐市场之间的交错关系，在官府和土司之间寻求政治发展空间。嘉庆皇帝为了清理清缅战争后的残局，直接主导了对铜金和尚的剿抚决策。通过检视铜金成为地方官员的合伙人、皇帝眼中的政治投机者以及山区民众心目中的“佛王”的过程，本文集中讨论新兴制度创立者社会动员力的发展与国家体制的关系，以及清朝国家力量在边疆的伸缩与山区“佛王”体制及倮黑（拉祜）族群身份建构之间的关联。

关键词: 银矿, 土司制度, 佛王, 清缅战争, 滇缅边疆

Abstract:

The development of silver mining industry between the Mekong River and the Salween River in the Yunnan and Burma border region and the political conflict between Qing and Burma gradually weakened native chieftains since the 17th century. The newly emerged Buddhist master Monk Tongjin exploited the secret societies of miners and the merchant network amongst mines and salt markets to seek his political rise between officials and chieftains in the mountainous area. The silver mining industry in the region began before the 16th century and peaked in the 18th century,and then declined in the early 19th century. The wars between Qing and Burma (1762-1769) bankrupted the local government in Yunnan because of the burden of transporting logistics for the war. To deal with the crisis by tightening local salt revenue,Emperor Jiaqing reign (1796-1820) made the salt trade,an important ingredient in silver smelting,between salt wells and the mines illegal,causing a jump in cost of silver production and eventually the demise of the silver mining industry. Depressed economy brought the expansion of secret societies among laid-off miners and affected villagers in the mountainous region. Monk Tongjin and his fellows became the core leadership that helped to reconstruct a new political institution to challenge the neighboring chieftains and county officials.Threatened by the movement,Emperor Jiaqing ordered the elimination of Monk Tongjin. This paper reviews historical events that led to the rise of Monk Tongjin as a Buddha-King among his people and a collaborator to local officials,but seen as a political threat by the emperor.It examines the relationship between the new political institution and its social agency with the states. In addition,the relationship between the stretch and limitation of the Qing imperial state on the frontier and the construction of ethnic identity of the Lahu is also investigated.

Key words: the Buddha-King, silver mining industry, native chieftain system, the Qing-Burma Wars