如何在社会调查中更好地测量中国人的宗教信仰？

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由于西方社会排他性强的聚会性宗教占主导地位，而中国排他性弱的混合宗教更为兴盛，故中国的社会调查运用宗派本位的西方宗教测量工具会遇到遗漏或错分信仰群体等问题。对此，本文从信仰归属、宗教实践、宗教组织成员资格三个维度及这三个维度之间的逻辑关系上提出中西宗教之差别对问卷调查的影响。通过在2014年中国家庭追踪调查中尝试神灵本位的信仰测量方案，以及将其分别与该调查前后两轮追踪调查的问卷设计和数据相比较，本文检验及展现了既有测量工具在采集中国人宗教信仰数据时存在的问题，并提出改进宗教信仰社会测量的建议。

关键词: 宗教信仰, 宗教性测量, 中国家庭追踪调查, 社会调查

Abstract:

The debate on Chinese religiosity is not just a theoretical but also an empirical issue. Social survey as a standard and widely-applied way of data collection depicts a picture of Chinese religious landscape rather very differently from the field observation by social anthropologists. This raises the question of the validity of survey measurement on Chinese religiosity. How accurate can conventional social survey method measure Chinese people's religious beliefs and practices? Unlike in Western societies,Chinese religion has traditionally been non-congregational,non-exclusive,and infused. As a result,survey instruments based on denominational affiliation for measuring western religiosity become less valid when applied in China. To tackle this issue,we utilize three waves of longitudinal data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and rephrase religious affiliation questions in various ways,as well as compare and evaluate questionnaires on religious affiliation,practice,and membership from different waves of the survey and from other survey projects. By demonstrating that changes in questionnaire items can noticeably alter survey outcomes,we argue that the standard Western survey method on religiosity fails to capture the unique Chinese understanding of religion. An alternative way of social survey on Chinese religiosity is therefore proposed.

Key words: religious belief, measurement on Chinese religiosity, China Family Panel Studies, social survey

张春泥, 卢云峰. 如何在社会调查中更好地测量中国人的宗教信仰？[J]. 社会杂志, 2018, 38(5): 126-157.

ZHANG Chunni, LU Yunfeng. How to Measure Chinese Religiosity in a Social Survey?[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2018, 38(5): 126-157.

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