抑制演化:库拉圈的社会权力

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 本文从迈克尔·曼“抑制演化”这一人类学命题入手，借用《老子》的某些思想与概念来解读人类学经典案例库拉。作者认为，曼由于材料不足而未能直接使用权力的四个来源解释新石器时代的“抑制演化”问题，而库拉民族志为探讨这一人类学命题提供了机会。《老子》的思想有助于我们较好地解释为何库拉宝物和名望都是“不积”的，为何库拉社会可以保持在“小邦寡民”的非文明状态。“不积”与“小邦寡民”使整个社会限制了四种社会权力的积累，有意保持在“抑制演化”的状态。以《老子》解读库拉，有可能为“抑制演化”这样的人类学经典理论提供一个独特的视角。

关键词: 抑制演化, 库拉, 老子, 不积, 小邦寡民

Abstract: The paper borrows some of Laozi's ideas to interpret the classic anthropological case of "Kula Ring". It is suggested that Kula society illustrates Michael Mann's question of "devolution" conundrum. Two concepts of Laozi help us to capture two characteristics of Kula society:first,"non-accumulation" (buji) allows us to understand that no matter how hard people try to acquire Kula treasures and fame,neither can be accumulated,thereby preventing the concentration of economic and political power. Second,"small kingdoms with few people" (xiaobang guamin) reveals that the organization,technology and calendar of Kula society purposefully limit the size of society. Kula's trading rules also keep the society peaceful,thereby inhibiting the accumulation of political and military powers. The paper argues that Laozi gives us a unique perspective to better understand the overall purpose of Kula society:through deliberate non-action,Kula society could be kept in a "non-civilized" state of devolution.

Key words: devolution, kula, Laozi, “non-accumulation”(buji), “small kingdoms with few people” (xiaobang guamin)

梁永佳. 抑制演化:库拉圈的社会权力[J]. 社会杂志, 2020, 40(1): 164-186.

LIANG Yongjia. Devolution: Social Power in the Kula Ring[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2020, 40(1): 164-186.

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