社会杂志 ›› 2020, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (6): 1-30.

• 专题一:马克斯·韦伯的国家学说 •    下一篇

民族与政治共同体的关系:从“弗莱堡演讲”到“经济与社会”的两条思路

田耕   

  1. 北京大学社会学系
  • 发布日期:2020-11-19
  • 作者简介:田耕,E-mail:gengtian@pku.edu.cn

Nation and Political Communities: Two Intellectual Connections between Weber's Freiburg Address and Economy and Society

TIAN Geng   

  • Published:2020-11-19

摘要: 韦伯的“弗莱堡演讲”提出了民族国家是民族的世俗代理之说。但正是在韦伯自己对现代国家中立性的强调中,国家何以能代理民族更加成为问题。本文由此进入到他在“经济与社会”的体系中对民族的两个思考线索。在“族群共同体”当中,韦伯将民族置于19世纪建立的经典亲属制度与民族精神两大传统之间,将民族这种古老的激情凝结在对政治共同体的追求当中。而通过对比韦伯“政治共同体”的文字与勒南的民族观念,可以发现韦伯更深入地思考了19世纪以来将国家性上升至民族性的取向。在韦伯那里,国家性建立在最没有归属感的强力和资本政治化的基础上,但这种新的规范恰恰和作为民族内核的声望与荣誉形成了最强烈的紧张。这种紧张与“弗莱堡演讲”是一致的,其解决之道或许在于对支配社会学进行更系统的解读。

关键词: 民族国家, 共同体行动, 激情, 声望, 国家性

Abstract: Max Weber's Freiburg Address famously argued that the nation state represented the nation in the secular world. However,it is in Weber's own definition of state as a special means to all kinds of ends that the state's amenability to be the nation's representative becomes questionable. This intellectual contradiction leads to the inquiry of this paper into Weber's understanding of the nation in two sections of his corpus of "Economy and Society". In the "ethnic community",Weber sees in nation an ancient pathos that can be best fulfilled in the nation's search to found its political community. In the "political community", in contrast to Ernest Renan's words on nation,Weber offers a vigorous examination of the 19th century trend that regards the statehood as nationality itself. For Weber,the political core of the statehood with respect to the nation hinges on the state's ability to formalize the two most formless things:force and capital. However,this formalization even in the strongest normative sense creates tension rather than compatibility with the pathos and prestige in Weber's concept of nation. This tension is consistent with the difficulty we find in Freiburg Address regarding the state's amenability to be the secular representative of the nation,and its solution requires a more systematic investigation of the sociology of domination.

Key words: Nation State, Gemeinschaftshandel, pathos, prestige, statehood