神圣社会的谱系：从涂尔干到社会学学院

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 20世纪30年代，巴塔耶与卡约瓦、莱里斯等在巴黎成立了“社会学学院”，致力于研究社会存在所有可能的表现形式——尤其是神圣形式，从而复兴了涂尔干学派有关神圣社会的讨论。通过考察社会学学院的思想实践，本文试图建立一种理解神圣社会的谱系，并在此基础上思考如下问题：从涂尔干到社会学学院，神圣性的内涵发生了何种变化？这种变化回应了何种社会现实？神圣性对于现代社会有何种意义和价值？本文指出，社会学学院一方面继承和推进了涂尔干对神圣社会的思考；另一方面，为了回应社会与政治危机，学院又以更具动态性的进路恢复了神圣性的暧昧属性，使神圣性以更加激进的形式介入社会秩序的营造与维持，从而既为物化与压制性的生活找寻可能的解脱路径，也为社会的团结与共通提供了新形式。

关键词: 涂尔干, 巴塔耶, 神圣社会, 社会团结, 共通体

Abstract: In the 1930s， Bataille， Caillois and Leiris founded the “Collège de Sociologie” in Paris， dedicated to the study of all possible manifestations of social existence-especially the sacred forms， thus reviving the Durkheim school’s discussion of the sacred society. By examining the theoretical practice of the Collège de Sociologie， this paper attempts to establish a genealogy of the sacred society， and on this basis， to consider the following questions: How has the connotation of the sacred changed from Durkheim to the Collège de Sociologie? What social reality does this change respond to? What is the significance and value of sacredness in modern society? This paper points out that on the one hand， the Collège de Sociologie has inherited and advanced Durkheim’s thinking on the sacred society； on the other hand， in response to the social and political crises， it has restored the ambiguous attributes of the sacred in a more dynamic way， making the sacred intervene in the creation and maintenance of social order in a more radical form. Among them， Bataille changes the single assumption of the sacred by distinguishing between “left sacredness” and “right sacredness” while emphasizing the radicalism and transgression of “left sacredness”， thus surpassing Durkheim’s relatively conservative political position. In contrast， Caillois seeks a dynamic balance between respect and transgression， transforming Batailles’ Dionysian spirit into Luciferian revolutionary heroism in order to maintain the lasting dynamics of the power of the sacred. Leiris breaks through the framework of the sacred-profane dichotomy with the sacrality of everyday life. They all emphasize the process of the sacred shifting from homogeneous collectives to heterogeneous individuals， in which the self can break the alienated and oppressive social order with its own will and sovereignty， so as to achieve true freedom and commonality and revitalize the social body.

Key words: Durkheim, Bataille, sacred society, social solidarity, community

曹金羽. 神圣社会的谱系：从涂尔干到社会学学院[J]. 社会杂志, 2024, 44(2): 183-212.

CAO Jinyu. The Genealogy of Sacred Society: From Durkheim to Collège de Sociologie[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2024, 44(2): 183-212.

参考文献

阿隆，雷蒙.2015.社会学主要思潮[M].葛秉宁，译.上海译文出版社.
奥托，鲁道夫.1995.论“神圣”[M].成穷、周邦宪，译.成都:四川人民出版社.
巴塔耶，乔治.2010a.萨德的使用价值[G]//色情、耗费与普遍经济:乔治·巴塔耶文选.汪民安，编.胡继华，译.长春:吉林人民出版社.
巴塔耶，乔治.2010b.法西斯主义的心理结构[G]//色情、耗费与普遍经济:乔治·巴塔耶文选.汪民安，编.胡继华，译.长春:吉林人民出版社.
巴塔耶，乔治.2017.内在经验[M].程小牧，译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店.
巴塔耶，乔治.2019.被诅咒的部分[M].刘云虹、胡陈尧，译.南京大学出版社.
波斯特，马克.2015.战后法国的存在主义马克思主义:从萨特到阿尔都塞[M].张金鹏、陈硕，译.南京大学出版社.
柏格森，亨利.2011.道德与宗教的两个来源[M].王作虹，译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社.
布勒东，安德烈.2020.超现实主义宣言[M].袁俊生，译.北京联合出版社.
陈涛.2015.道德的起源与变迁——涂尔干宗教研究的意图[J].社会学研究（3）:69-95.
陈霞、杨威.2016.献祭与共同体——乔治·巴塔耶的文化哲学思想探析[J].浙江学刊（4）:145-148.
德鲁里，莎蒂亚.2007.亚历山大·科耶夫:后现代政治的根源[M].赵琦，译.北京:新星出版社.
杜月.2022.神圣个体:从涂尔干到戈夫曼[J].社会学研究（1）:90-111.
甘恩，麦克.2011.法国社会理论[M].李康，译.北京大学出版社.
汲喆.2009.礼物交换作为宗教生活的基本形式[J].社会学研究（3）:1-25.
哈贝马斯，于尔根.2011.现代性的哲学话语[M].曹卫东，译.南京:译林出版社.
科耶夫，亚历山大.2005.黑格尔导读[M].姜志辉，译.南京:译林出版社.
孔德，奥古斯特.2001.论实证精神[M].黄建华，译.北京:商务印书馆.
莱克维茨，安德雷亚斯.2019.独异性社会:现代的结构转型[M].巩婕，译.北京:社会科学文献出版社.
李英飞.2022.从政治技艺到一般社会学:重新考察涂尔干的政治社会学遗产[J].社会42（1）:157-179.
吕一民.2019.法国通史[M].上海社会科学院出版社.
马费索利，米歇尔.2022.部落时代:个体主义在后现代社会的衰落[M].许轶冰，译.上海人民出版社.
莫斯，马塞尔.2016.礼物:古代社会中交换的形式与理由[M].汲喆，译.北京:商务印书馆.
莫斯，马塞尔、亨利·于贝尔.2007.巫术的一般理论·献祭的性质与功能[M].杨渝东，等，译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社.
莫斯科维奇，塞尔日.2011.社会表征[M].管健，等，译.北京:中国人民大学出版社.
南希，让-吕克.2015.无用的共通体[M].郭建玲，等，译.开封:河南大学出版社.
尼采，弗里德里希.2009.悲剧的诞生:尼采美学文选[M].周国平，译.上海人民出版社.
帕森斯，塔尔科特.2012.社会行动的结构[M].张明德，等，译.南京:译林出版社.
渠敬东.2017.追寻神圣社会——纪念爱弥尔·涂尔干逝世一百周年[J].社会37（6）:1-32.
孙帅.2008.神圣社会下的现代人——论涂尔干思想中个体与社会的关系[J].社会学研究（4）:76-100.
索雷尔，乔治.2005.论暴力[M].乐启良，译.上海人民出版社.
涂尔干，爱弥尔.2020a.社会分工论[M].渠敬东，译.北京:商务印书馆.
涂尔干，爱弥尔.2020b.宗教生活的基本形式[M].渠敬东、汲喆，译.北京:商务印书馆.
王春明.2017.巴塔耶“无神学”思想探析[G]//法国哲学研究（第一辑）.莫伟民，编.上海人民出版社.
王春明.2020.宇宙是人的尺度——巴塔耶神圣人类学的宇宙论基础[J].基督教文化学刊（43）:70-90.
谢晶.2018.另一种现代性批判:论涂尔干学派中个体性与社会性的关系[J].复旦学报（社会科学版）（3）:28-35.
许松影、金小红、李钧鹏.2021.涂尔干的两种失范理论及其社会观[J].社会理论学报（2）:255-287.
叶启政.2013. 深邃思想系链的历史跳跃:霍布斯、尼采到弗洛伊德以及大众的反叛[M].台北:远流出版公司.
伊格尔顿，特里.2021.论牺牲[M].林云柯，译.上海人民出版社.
张生.2020.通向巴塔耶[M].南京大学出版社.
张文杰.2017.祛魅辩证法:制度化的宗教驱力与现代社会的世俗化[D].北京大学博士研究生学位论文.
张旭.2013.礼物:当代法国思想史的一段谱系[M].北京大学出版社.
张原.2019.从三重功能到二元联盟:杜梅齐尔印欧文明研究中的政治发生学思考[J]. 社会39（1）:153-183.
Ades， Dawn and Simon Baker. 2006. Undercover Surrealism: Georges Bataille and Documents. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Bataille， George.1985a.“The Solar Anus.” In Visions of Excess: Selected Writings， 1927-1939， edited by Allan Stoekl. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Bataille， George.1985b. “The Labyrinth.” In Visions of Excess: Selected Writings， 1927-1939， edited by Allan Stoekl. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Bataille， George.1988.“Attraction and Repulsion I: Tropisms， Sexuality， Laughter and Tears.” In The College of Sociology （1937-1939）， edited by Denis Hollier. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Bataille， George.1989. Theory of Religion. New York: Zone Books.
Bataille， George.1994a. “The Absence of Myth.” In The Absence of Myth: Writings on Surrealism， edited by Michael Richardson. London: Verso.
Bataille， George.1994b. “Surrealism.” In The Absence of Myth: Writings on Surrealism， edited by Michael Richardson. London: Verso.
Bataille， George.1997. “Hegel， Death and Sacrifice.” In The Bataille Reader， edited by Fred Botting and Scott Wilson. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Bataille， George.2015. On Nietzsche. New York: State University of New York Press.
Caillois， Roger. 1959. Man and the Sacred. Glencoe: The Free Press.
Caillois， Roger. 1988a. “Introduction.” In The College of Sociology （1937-1939）， edited by Denis Hollier. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Caillois， Roger.1988b.“Power.” In The College of Sociology （1937-1939）， edited by Denis Hollier. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Caillois， Roger.2001. Man， Play and Games. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Caillois， Roger.2003a， “The Birth of Lucifer.” In The Edge of Surrealism: A Roger Caillois Reader， edited by Claudine Frank. Durham: Duke University Press.
Caillois， Roger.2003b. “The Praying Mantis: From Biology to Psychoanalysis.” In The Edge of Surrealism: A Roger Caillois Reader， edited by Claudine Frank. Durham: Duke University Press.
Caillois， Roger.2003c. “The Function of Myth.” In The Edge of Surrealism: A Roger Caillois Reader， edited by Claudine Frank. Durham: Duke University Press.
Caillois， Roger.2003d. “The Myth of Secret Treasures in Childhood.” In The Edge of Surrealism: A Roger Caillois Reader， edited by Claudine Frank. Durham: Duke University Press.
Clifford， James. 1988. The Predicament of Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Falasca-Zamponi， Simonetta. 2011. Rethinking the Political: The Sacred， Aesthetic Politics， and the Collège de Sociologie. Montreal:McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Frank， Claudine.2003. “Introduction.” In The Edge of Surrealism: A Roger Caillois Reader， edited by Claudine Frank. Durham: Duke University Press.
Galletti， Marina. 2018. “The Secret Society of Acéphale: ‘A Community of the Heart’.” In The Sacred Conspiracy: The Internal Papers of the Secret Society of Acephale and Lecturers to the College of Sociology， edited by Marina Galletti and Alastair Brotchie. London: Atlas Press.
Gouldner， Alvin W. 1970. The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology. London: Heinemann.
Hollier， Denis. 1988. “Foreword.” In The College of Sociology （1937-1939）， edited by Denis Hollier. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Hollier， Denis. 1993. Against Architecture. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Jamin， Jean. 1980. “Un sacre college， ou les apprentis sorciers de la sociologie.” Cahiers internationaux de sociologie 68（1）:5-30.
Jones， Susan Stedman. 2001. Durkheim Reconsidered. Cambridge: Polity.
Kiefte， Barend. 2003. The Anarchist Concept of Community in the Thought of Bataille， Blanchot and Nancy. Canada: Mcmaster University Dissertation.
LaCapra， Dominick. 2001. Emile Durkheim: Sociologist and Philosopher. Aurora: The Davies Group Publishers.
Leiris， Michel. 1988. “The Sacred in Everyday Life.” In The College of Sociology（1937-1939）， edited by Denis Hollier. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Leiris， Michel.1997. Rules of the Game Volume 1: Scraches. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lukes， Steven. 1985. émile Durkheim: His Life and Work， A Historical and Critical Study. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
Maffesoli， Michel. 1993. The Shadow of Dionysus: A Contribution to the Sociology of the Orgy. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Marcel， Jean-Christophe. 2003. “Bataille and Mauss:A Dialogue of the Deaf?” Economy and Society 32（1）: 141-152.
Mestrovic， Stjepan G. 1991. The Coming Fin De Siècle: An Application of Durkheim’s Sociology to Modernity and Postmodernity. London and New York: Routledge.
Mukherjee， S. Romi. 2009. La Pensée 38: Metapolitics and the Sacred in Inter-war France. The University of Chicago， ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Nielsen， Donald A. 1999. Three Faces of God: Society， Religion， and the Categories of Totality in the Philosophy of Emile Durkheim. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Nisbet， Robert A. 1952. “Conservatism and Sociology.” American Journal of Sociology 58（2）: 167-175.
Nizan， Paul. 1971. Watchdogs: Philosophers and the Established Order. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Panoff， Michel. 1970. “Marcel Mauss’s ‘The Gift’ Revisited.” Man 5（1）: 60-70.
Paz， Octavio. 1971. Claude Lévi-Strauss. London: Cape.
Pawlett， William.2016. Georges Bataille: The Sacred and Society. London and New York: Routledge.
Pickering， R. B. 2009. Durkheim’s Sociology of Religion: Themes and Theories. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press.
Ranulf， Svend. 1990. “Scholarly Forerunners of Fascism.” In Emile Durkheim: Critical Assessments， edited by Peter Hamilton. London and New York: Routledge.
Richman， Michele H. 1982. Reading Georges Bataille: Beyond the Gift. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Richman， Michèle H. 2002. Sacred Revolutions: Durkheim and the Collège de Sociologie. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
Riley， Alexander T. 2008. “‘Renegade Durkheimianism’ and the Transgressive Left Sacred.” In The Cambridge Companion to Durkheim， edited by Jeffrey Alexander and Philip Smith. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Sheringham， Michael. 2006. Everyday Life: Theories and Practices from Surrealism to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Surya， Michel. 2002. Georges Bataille: An Intellectual Biography. London: Verso.
Weber， Eugen.1994. The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
York， Jonathan David. 1997. Towards a Politics of the Sacred: Georges Bataille in Interwar France. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign， ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

[1]	黄剑波, 梅汝阳. 舆论支配与三重社会图景：涂尔干对卢梭社会学说的再造[J]. 社会杂志, 2023, 43(4): 97-128.
[2]	胡雪龙. 教育知识与圣俗二分：从涂尔干到伯恩斯坦[J]. 社会杂志, 2023, 43(2): 184-209.
[3]	魏文一. 国家与祖国:涂尔干论政治社会的两个面向[J]. 社会杂志, 2017, 37(6): 134-164.
[4]	赵立玮. 自杀与现代人的境况——涂尔干的“自杀类型学”及其人性基础[J]. 社会杂志, 2014, 34(6): 114-139.
[5]	罗朝明. 友谊的可能性——一种自我认同与社会团结的机制[J]. 社会杂志, 2012, 32(5): 102-129.
[6]	何健. 爱国主义和世界主义：涂尔干的公共思想难题[J]. 社会杂志, 2012, 32(5): 80-101.
[7]	肖瑛. 法人团体：一种“总体的社会组织”的想象: 涂尔干的社会团结思想研究 [J]. 社会杂志, 2008, 28(2): 39-39 .