社会杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 89-113.

• 专题三：“关系”研究新探 • 上一篇    下一篇

普遍的特殊主义与“关系”研究的本土化范式——以“态度”作为核心概念

何奇峰()   

  • 出版日期:2025-09-20 发布日期:2025-10-27
  • 作者简介:何奇峰  中国政法大学社会学院, E-mail: heqifeng@cupl.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    2022年度国家社科基金重大项目“乡村振兴战略下县域城乡融合发展的理论与实践研究”(22&ZD189);中国政法大学科研创新团队项目(25CXTD05)

Universal Particularism and the Indigenous Paradigm of Guanxi Research: Taking "Attitude" as the Core Concept

Qifeng HE()   

  • Online:2025-09-20 Published:2025-10-27
  • About author:HE Qifeng, School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and Law, E-mail: heqifeng@cupl.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Social Science Foundation of China(22&ZD189);the Scientific Research and Innovation Team of CUPL(25CXTD05)

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摘要：

“关系”概念在中国与西方语境中存在差异。“关系”作为中国本土概念，具有“普遍的特殊主义”特征，本文旨在探讨其这一特征，并尝试构建关系研究的本土化范式。借助费孝通的“差序格局”概念，本文认为，理解关系的核心在于把握基于行动者视角的“态度”，它是对身份基础与亲疏关系、人情往来等客观因素以及交往历史、当前情境和行动者心态等主观因素的综合考量，是行动者面对具体个体时内心权度的综合体现。这一研究范式打破了对关系进行正式与非正式二分的认知，并挑战了强调关系工具性价值的观点。

关键词: 差序格局, 特殊主义, 关系, 推己及人, 态度

Abstract:

The concept of guanxi differs between Chinese and Western contexts. As an indigenous Chinese concept, guanxi embodies the feature of "universal particularism". This paper aims to explore this characteristic and attempt to construct an indigenous paradigm for the study of guanxi. Specifically, "particularism" is manifested in the fact that the understanding of all relationships is inseparable from specific actors and their contextual settings, nor can it be fully explained by existing structural indicators. "Universality", on the other hand, is reflected in the fact that all relational practices adhere to the ethical principles of a"differential mode of association", proposed by Fei Xiaotong, meaning that actors inevitably define relationships through an internal moral compass of"putting oneself in others' shoes". This makes "particularity" a universal logic that permeates different contexts.This paper argues that the core of understanding guanxi lies in grasping the "attitude" based on the actor's perspective. This attitude is a comprehensive consideration of objective factors such as identity foundations, degrees of closeness, and reciprocity, as well as subjective factors including interaction history, current circumstances, and the actor's mindset. It represents the actor's integrated internal judgment when faced with a specific individual. This research paradigm has achieved a dual theoretical shift in guanxi studies: first, it moves away from "instrumental rationality" towards an "ethical foundation", rejecting the simplification of guanxi as utilitarian tools for the exchange of interests. Instead, it first places relationships within the ethical framework of the "differential mode of association", emphasizing how moral practices such as"putting oneself in others' shoes" and "empathy" profoundly shape the dynamics of relationship; Second, it shifts from "structural analysis" to an "actor's perspective", transcending the binary division between formal and informal relationships, and focusing on how actors' subjective "attitudes" dynamically construct the overall nature of relationships.

Key words: differential mode of association, particularism, guanxi, extending oneself to others, attitude