权利与权力：福柯治理术论述中的法律问题

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 权利与权力之关系是西方政治思想的核心议题之一，达成了法律或法律规定的国家主权与个人权利既是权力实践的合法性来源又是其目标和边界的“正统共识”。但福柯在法兰西学院的系列课程中以治理术为主题，从不同角度对知识与权力之关系做了系统分析，展现了权力与权利、治理与法律错综复杂的历史关系，颠覆了上述共识。他在梳理中世纪以来欧洲社会治理史的过程中，一方面论证了国家和个人的主权权利是在具体的权力机制中形成的；另一方面强调，从管治到纪律再到生命权力，治理术的构成和变迁是一个以不同方式对权利和法律进行殖民的过程，并且因知识的掩饰，这些殖民机制愈发隐蔽。在对现代欧美资本主义制度做出上述揭露后，福柯并不反对治理，只是反对过度治理，也不主张返回正统的个人权利和国家主权，而是强调建构“新的权利”。这一新权利就是“批判”，即在具体的历史脉络中揭示权力与知识的共谋，呈现理性是如何成为支配人的治理机制的。福柯的灵魂深处闪烁着积极的“怀旧”之光，公元前后斯多葛学派的“自我治理”与二战后德国的新自由主义治理术是其光源。

关键词: 福柯, 治理术, 权利, 法律, 权力, 主体性

Abstract: The relationship between rights and power is one of the fundamental issues in Western political thought. An "orthodox consensus" has been reached in Western political theories that state sovereignty and individual rights stipulated by laws or regulations are the legitimate source not only of power practice but also of its goal and boundary. However, in a series of lectures in the College de France, Michel Foucault took governmentality as his main theme and made an in-depth analysis of the relationship between knowledge and power from different perspectives. He showed the intricate historical relationship between rights and power, governance and law, and subverted this "orthodox consensus." By combing through the history of European social governance since the Middle Ages, he demonstrated on the one hand that state sovereignty and individual sovereign rights were formed in specific power mechanisms, and, on the other hand, he emphasized that the formation and change of governance techniques—from police to disciplinary power and then to bio-power—was a process of colonizing rights and laws in different ways. And, because of the collusion of knowledge and power, these colonial mechanisms were all the more concealed by the mask of knowledge. In the face of such an awkward situation, Foucault neither opposed governance, rather opposed excessive governance, nor advocated the return of orthodox individual rights and state sovereignty, but emphasized the construction of "new rights". These "new rights" are "critiques", that is, to reveal how power and knowledge conspire and how reason has become the governing mechanism of man in a specific historical context. In the depth of Foucault's soul flickers the light of positive "nostalgia, " and at its source are the Stoic "self-governance" before and after the AD and the German neo-liberalism governance after the World War Ⅱ.

Key words: Michel Foucault, governmentality, rights, law, power, subjectivity

肖瑛. 权利与权力：福柯治理术论述中的法律问题[J]. 社会杂志, 2023, 43(3): 1-53.

XIAO Ying. Rights and Power: The Law Problem in Foucault's Discourse on Governmentality[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2023, 43(3): 1-53.

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