社会杂志 ›› 2016, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (3): 1-31.

• 专题：教育社会学研究 •    下一篇

中国当代的高等教育、精英形成与社会分层——来自“首都大学生成长追踪调查”的初步发现

吴晓刚   

  1. 香港科技大学社会科学部
  • 出版日期:2016-05-20 发布日期:2016-05-20
  • 通讯作者: 吴晓刚 香港科技大学社会科学部 E-mail:sowu@ust.hk E-mail:sowu@ust.hk
  • 基金资助:

    本文使用的数据来自中国人民大学中国调查与数据中心(NSRC)资助并实施的"首都大学生成长追踪调查"项目。该项目2009年和2010年调查曾得到香港科技大学研究项目竞争基金(RPC07/08.HS02)、香港研究资助局优配基金(644510,项目负责人:吴晓刚)、中国人民大学科学研究基金(2009030080,20100030415,项目负责人:冯仕政)的资助,研究设计也曾得到香港研究资助局优配基金(644510)的部分支持。香港特区大学资助委员会2013年"人文学与社会科学杰出学者奖" 和上海市高校"东方学者"讲座教授项目也对本文写作给予了支持。

Higher Education,Elite Formation and Social Stratification in Contemporary China

WU Xiaogang   

  1. Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
  • Online:2016-05-20 Published:2016-05-20
  • Supported by:

    The research was supported by HKUST Research Project Competition (RPC07/08.HS02),General Research Fund of Hong Kong Research Grants Council (644510),Scientific Research Fund of Renmin University of China(2009030080,20100030415),Humanities and Social Sciences Prestigious Fellowship in 2013,and the Eastern Scholar Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission.

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摘要：

在现代社会中,高等教育在促进社会流动方面的重要性已毋庸置疑。以往的研究往往集中关注那些受过大学教育和没有受过大学教育人群之间的比较,将前者视为一个高度同质的群体,将大学求学过程当作一个"黑箱"。本文基于对"首都大学生成长跟踪调查"研究设计的介绍和首期数据的分析,揭示了中国高等教育内部的社会分层,即进入三种不同层次高校(清华大学、北京大学和中国人民大学等精英高校,"211大学"和其他非"211大学")的决定因素,特别关注家庭背景、招生制度、重点中学制度等中间机制的共同作用。研究发现,家庭社会经济地位和居住地对于进入不同层次的高校仍然有直接的影响,但是否重点高中,以及是否获得高考特殊政策的照顾,对进入什么层次的大学作用更加明显。重点中学主要影响学生高考分数,而招生的各种优惠政策明显有利于家庭社会经济条件好的学生。进入精英大学的学生更有可能入党,尽管他们的入党意愿低于其他类型高校的学生。这些发现对理解中国当代高等教育在精英形成过程和社会分层中的作用具有重要的启示意义。

关键词: 高等教育, 社会分层, 精英, 招生制度, 重点中学

Abstract:

Higher education plays an undoubtedly important role in promoting social mobility in modern society. Previous literatures tend to focus on the comparison between those with college degree and those without treating the former as a homogeneous group and the schooling process as a "black-box". This article introduces the background and research design of the Beijing College Students Panel Survey (BCSPS),and analyzes the first wave of the data to investigate social stratification within the Chinese higher education system,paying special attention to the roles of family backgrounds, special admission policy,and key-point high school in the process. Results show that,while family socioeconomic status and residence locations continue to exert direct influence on likelihood of getting into three tiers of universities (national elite university, "211"university and other non-"211"university),key-point high school and special admission policy serve as the important mechanisms in this process. Attending a key-point high school can help students achieve higher scores in college entrance examination and thus ensure the equitable access to college education; special admission policy apparently benefits those from better family backgrounds. Moreover, those in the national elite universities are more likely to join in the party than their counterparts in other universities, although their intentions are lower. These findings bear important implications for understanding the role of higher education in elite formation and social stratification in contemporary China.

Key words: elite, social stratification, college admission, key-point school, higher education