留美科学家的国内参与及其社会网络——强弱关系假设的再探讨

社会杂志

留美科学家的国内参与及其社会网络——强弱关系假设的再探讨

作者1：孙晓娥西安交通大学人文学院实证社会科学研究所；作者2：边燕杰西安交通大学人文学院实证社会科学研究所

作者1：孙晓娥西安交通大学人文学院实证社会科学研究所；作者2：边燕杰西安交通大学人文学院实证社会科学研究所

出版日期:2011-03-21 发布日期:2011-03-21
通讯作者: 孙晓娥西安交通大学人文学院实证社会科学研究所 E-mail:elainesun@mail.xjtu.edu.cn
作者简介:作者1：孙晓娥西安交通大学人文学院实证社会科学研究所；作者2：边燕杰〓西安交通大学人文学院实证社会科学研究所

Transnational Participation and Social Networking： The Interaction between Strong and Weak Ties of Chinese American Scientists

Author 1：Sun Xiao’e, Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University；Author 2：Bian Yanjie, Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University.

Author 1：Sun Xiao’e, Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University；Author 2：Bian Yanjie, Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University.

Online:2011-03-21 Published:2011-03-21
Contact: Sun Xiao’e, Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University . E-mail:elainesun@mail.xjtu.edu.cn
About author:Author 1：Sun Xiao’e, Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University；Author 2：Bian Yanjie, Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University.

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

关于社会网络在求职过程中的作用有两个假设：弱关系假设和强关系假设。本研究通过对30名留美中国科学家的深入访谈发现，是社会网络中人际强弱关系的互相协调、共同发挥作用，才成功促成了双方的跨国合作。强关系的作用是作为关系节点，将双方连接起来，提供沟通平台和信誉保证；而弱关系的作用是互通信息，为留美科学家的国内参与提供体制资源支持。强弱关系在求职网络中的优势互补是本研究的重要发现，充实了强弱关系假设的理论内涵，丰富了求职网络的研究传统，对人才的跨国参与具有指导意义。


关键词: 国内参与 , 社会网络 , 强关系 , 弱关系

Abstract:

There are two models regarding the role of social network in the jobsearch process: the hypothesis of weak ties versus the hypothesis of strong ties. In examining the transnational participation of 30 Chinese American scientists, our indepth interview study has found out that it is the team work of strong and weak ties that matches the knowledge and skills of Chinese American scientists with the need and demand of Chinese institutes, and thus successfully promotes the transnational collaboration between the two parties. Strong ties provide connection, rapport, and support for keeping promises/quality while weak ties supply resources and institutional support in transnational participation for the Chinese American scientists. The important finding in the current study that the mutual complementary relationship of the strong and weak ties in the jobsearch networks contributes to the theoretical hypotheses of strong and weak ties, enriches the research tradition in the field of jobsearch networks, and may provide guidance for the transnational participation of talented scholars. 

Key words: transnational participation , social networking , strong ties , weak ties

孙晓娥,边燕杰 . 留美科学家的国内参与及其社会网络——强弱关系假设的再探讨[J]. 社会杂志.

Sun Xiao’e, Bian Yanjie. Transnational Participation and Social Networking： The Interaction between Strong and Weak Ties of Chinese American Scientists[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology.

参考文献

参考文献（References）

Bian, Yanjie. 1997. “Bring Strong Ties in: Indirect Ties, Network Bridges, and Job Searches in China.” 〖WTB4X〗American Sociological Review〖WTB4〗 62 (3): 366〖CD*2〗385. 
Bian, Yanjie. 2001. “〖WTB4X〗Guanxi〖WTB4〗 Capital and Social Eating: Theoretical Models and Empirical Analyses.” in 〖WTB4X〗Social Capital: Theory and Research〖WTB4〗, edited by Nan Lin, Karen Cook, and Ronald Burt. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Bian, Yanjie. 2008. “Urban Occupational Mobility and Employment Institutions: Hierarchy, Market, and Networks in a Mixed System.” in 〖WTB4X〗Creating Wealth and Poverty in China〖WTB4〗, edited by Deborah Davis and Feng Wang. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Bian, Yanjie and Soon Ang. 1997. “Guanxi Networks and Job Mobility in China and Singapore. “ 〖WTB4X〗Social Forces〖WTB4〗 75 (3): 981〖CD*2〗1005. 
边燕杰. 1999. 社会网络与求职过程［G］ // 林益民、涂肇庆, 主编. 改革开放与中国社会：西方社会学文献述评. 香港: 牛津大学出版社. ［Bian Yanjie. 1999. “Social Networks and Job Searches.” in 〖WTB4X〗Social Change in China’s Reform Era: Syntheses & Critiques of Western Sociological Perspectives, 〖WTB4〗edited by Edward JC Tu and Yimin Lin. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.］
边燕杰、张文宏. 2001. 经济体制、社会网络与职业流动［J］. 中国社会科学（2）. ［Bian Yanjie & Zhang Wenhong. 2001. “Economic Systems, Social Networks and Occupational Mobility.” 〖WTB4X〗Social Sciences〖WTB4〗 in 〖WTB4X〗China〖WTB4〗 (2). (in Chinese)］
Boisot, Max and John Childm. 1996. “From Fiefs to Clans and Network Capitalism: Explaining China’s Emerging Economic Order.” 〖WTB4X〗Administrative Science Quarterly〖WTB4〗 41 (4): 600〖CD*2〗668.
Campbell，Karen and Rachel Rosenfeld. 1985. “Job Search and Job Mobility：Sex and Race Differences.” 〖WTB4X〗Research in the Sociology of Work〖WTB4〗 (3): 147〖CD*2〗174.
曹子玮. 2002. 攀援的绳索——社会网络与农民工城市生活世界的构建.博士论文.［Cao Ziwei. 2002. 〖WTB4X〗Climbing the Rope: Social Networks and the Construction of the Urban Life of Peasant Workers.〖WTB4〗 Doctoral Dissertation. (in Chinese)］
费孝通.［1948］1998.乡土中国·生育制度［M］. 北京：北京大学出版社. ［Fei Xiaotong. （1948）1998. 〖WTB4X〗Rural China and the Institutions for Reproduction. 〖WTB4〗Beijing: Peking University Press.］
Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” 〖WTB4X〗The American Journal of Sociology〖WTB4〗 78 (6): 1360〖CD*2〗1380.
Granovetter, Mark S. 1974. 〖WTB4X〗Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers〖WTB4〗. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Granovetter, Mark S. 1982. “The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited.” in 〖WTB4X〗Social Structure and Network Analysis〖WTB4〗, edited by P.V. Marsden and N. Lin. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Granovetter, Mark S. 1995. “Afterword.” in 〖WTB4X〗Getting a Job 〖WTB4〗(2nd edition). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Grieco, Margaret. 1987. 〖WTB4X〗Keeping It in the Family: Social Networks and Employment Chance.〖WTB4〗 Tavistock Publications. 
黄光国. 2004.面子：中国人的权力游戏［M］. 北京：中国人民大学出版社. ［Hwang, KwangKuo. 2004. 〖WTB4X〗Face: Power Game of Chinese People〖WTB4〗. Beijing: China Renmin University Press.］
Kapur, Devesh and John McHale. 2005. 〖WTB4X〗Give Us Your Best and Brightest: The Global Hunt for Talent and Its Impact on the Developing World〖WTB4〗. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
金耀基. 1985. 人际关系中人情之分析［G］//杨国枢，主编.中国人的心理.台北：桂冠图书公司. ［King, Ambrose Yeochi.1985. “An Analysis of Renqing in Personal Relations.” In 〖WTB4X〗The Psychology of the Chinese People,〖WTB4〗 edited by Yang Kuoshu. Taipei: Guiguan Publishing Ltd.］
金耀基.1992.中国社会与文化［M］.香港：牛津大学出版社. ［King, Ambrose Yeochi. 1992. 〖WTB4X〗Chinese Society and Culture. 〖WTB4〗Hong Kong: Oxford University.］
梁漱溟.［1949］1990. 梁漱溟全集（第三卷）: 中国文化要义［M］.济南：山东人民出版社. ［Liang Shuming. （1949）1990. 〖WTB4X〗Complete Works of Liang Shuming〖WTB4〗（vol.3）: 〖WTB4X〗Essence of Chinese Culture.〖WTB4〗 Jinan: Shandong People’s Publishing House.］
〖JP2〗Lin, Nan. 1982. “Social Resources and Instrumental Actions.” in 〖WTB4X〗Social Structure and Network Analysis〖WTB4〗, edited by Peter V. Marsden and Nan Lin. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.〖JP〗
Lin, Nan. 1999. “Social Networks and Status Attainment.” 〖WTB4X〗Annual Review of Sociology 〖WTB4〗25: 467〖CD*2〗487. 
Lin, Nan. 2001. “Guanxi: A Conceptual Analysis.” in 〖WTB4X〗The Chinese Triangle of Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong: Comparative Institutional Analysis〖WTB4〗, edited by Alvin Y. So, Nan Lin and Dudley L. Poston. Westport: Greenwood Press. 
Lin, Nan and Mary Dumin. 1986. “Access to Occupations Through Social Ties.” 〖WTB4X〗Social Networks〖WTB4〗 8 (4): 365〖CD*2〗385. 
Ong, Aihwa and Donald Nonini (eds.). 1997. 〖WTB4X〗Underground Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism〖WTB4〗. New York: Routledge.
Patterson, Rubin. 2005. “U.S. Diasporas and Their Impacts on Homeland Technological and Socioeconomic Development: How Does SubSahara Africa Compare?” 〖WTB4X〗Perspectives on Global Development and Technology〖WTB4〗 4 (1): 83〖CD*2〗123. 
渠敬东. 2001. 生活世界中的关系强度——农村外来人口的生活轨迹［G］ // 柯兰君、李汉林, 主编. 都市里的村民——中国大城市的流动人口. 北京：中央编译出版社. ［Qu Jingdong. 2001. “The Strength of Guanxi in Daily Life: The Life Trail of Migrant Workers.” In 〖WTB4X〗Villagers in Metropolitans: The Migrant Workers in Chinese Big Cities.〖WTB4〗 Beijing: Central Compilation and Translation Press.］
Saxenian, AnnaLee. 1999. 〖WTB4X〗Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs.〖WTB4〗 San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California.
Saxenian, AnnaLee. 2002. “Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant HighGrowth Entrepreneurs.” 〖WTB4X〗Economic Development Quarterly〖WTB4〗 16:〖WTB4X〗〖WTB4〗23〖CD*2〗32.
Saxenian, AnnaLee. 2005. “From Brain Drain to Brain Circulation: Transnational Communities and Regional Upgrading in India and China.” 〖WTB4X〗Studies in Comparative International Development〖WTB4〗 40: 35〖CD*2〗61.
Saxenian, AnnaLee. 2007. 〖WTB4X〗The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy〖WTB4〗. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Smart, Josephine and Alan Smart. 1991. “Transnational Social Networks and Negotiated Identities in Interactions Between Hong Kong and China,” in 〖WTB4X〗Transnationalism From Below,〖WTB4〗 edited by Michael P. Smith and Luis Guarnizo. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Wadhwa, Vivek. 2009. “Why Skilled Immigrants Are Leaving the U.S.?” 〖WTB4X〗Business Week〖WTB4〗, March 2, 2009. http://www.businessweek.com/print/techonolgy/content/feb2009/tc20090228_990934.h.
Watanabe, Shin. 1987. 〖WTB4X〗JobSearching: A Comparative Study of Male Employment Relations in the United States and Japan.〖WTB4〗 Doctoral Dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles. 
Wegener, Bernd. 1991. “Job Mobility and Social Ties: Social Resources, Prior Job, and Status Attainment.” 〖WTB4X〗American Sociological Review〖WTB4〗 56: 60〖CD*2〗71.
Weiss, Robert S. 1994. 〖WTB4X〗Learning from Strangers: The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies.〖WTB4〗 New York: The Free Press.
Wong, Bernard. 1998. 〖WTB4X〗Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship: The New Chinese Immigration in the San Francisco Bay Area.〖WTB4〗 Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 
Wong, Bernard. 2006. 〖WTB4X〗The Chinese in Silicon Valley: Globalization, Social Networks, and Ethnic Identity.〖WTB4〗 Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.〖JP〗
Yakubovich, Valery. 2005. “Weak Ties, Information, and Influence: How Workers Find Jobs in a Local Russian Labor Market.” 〖WTB4X〗American Sociological Review 〖WTB4〗70 (3): 408〖CD*2〗421. 〖JP〗
赵延东.2006.再就业中社会资本的使用——以武汉市下岗职工为例［J］.学习与探索（2）.［Zhao Yandong. 2006. “The Use of Social Capital in Reemployment: A Case Study of LaidOff Workers in Wuhan.” 〖WTB4X〗Study & Exploration 〖WTB4〗(2). (in Chinese)］〖ZK）〗〖HT〗

责任编辑：田青