社会杂志 ›› 2011, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (4): 1-28.

• 论文 •    下一篇

天地之间：东汉官员的双重责任

作者1：谢宇密歇根大学社会学系，北京大学社会学系;作者2: 董慕达密歇根大学亚洲语言文化系   

  1. 作者1：谢宇密歇根大学社会学系，北京大学社会学系；
    作者2: 董慕达密歇根大学亚洲语言文化系  
  • 出版日期:2011-07-20 发布日期:2011-07-20
  • 通讯作者: 作者1：谢宇密歇根大学社会学系，北京大学社会学系 E-mail:yuxie@isr.umich.edu；
  • 作者简介:作者1：谢宇密歇根大学社会学系，北京大学社会学系（Author 1: Yu Xie, Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan, Peking University ）Email: yuxie@isr.umich.edu； 作者2: 董慕达密歇根大学亚洲语言文化系 (Author 2:Miranda Brown, Department of Asian Languages and Cultures, University of Michigan)

Between Heaven and Earth: Dual Accountability of Chinese Bureaucrats in East Han Dynasty

Author 1: Yu Xie, Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan, Peking University; Author 2:Miranda Brown, Department of Asian Languages and Cultures, University of Michigan.   

  1. Author 1: Yu Xie, Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan, Peking University；
    Author 2:Miranda Brown, Department of Asian Languages and Cultures, University of Michigan.
  • Online:2011-07-20 Published:2011-07-20
  • Contact: Author 1: Yu Xie, Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan, Peking University E-mail:yuxie@isr.umich.edu；
  • About author:作者1：谢宇密歇根大学社会学系，北京大学社会学系（Author 1: Yu Xie, Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan, Peking University ）Email: yuxie@isr.umich.edu； 作者2: 董慕达密歇根大学亚洲语言文化系 (Author 2:Miranda Brown, Department of Asian Languages and Cultures, University of Michigan)

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摘要：

自秦朝至清朝，朝廷任命的地方官员不仅对其上级负有义务，而且代表地方利益。这样的结构性特征被称为“双重责任”。对上负责可以在韦伯的官僚科层框架中得到理解，但无法解释官员对地方利益的维护。本文通过研究东汉时期地方官员的双重责任，分析官员如何维护地方利益。基于对东汉时期政府结构、政治思想和晋升制度的考查，本文提出三种解释：实际需求、儒家意识形态和声誉机制。此观点在实证中得到一定支持。运用东汉时期的官方档案和古代碑刻等原始资料，本文对韦伯有关中华帝国治理制度的分析提出质疑，并对存在了2000多年的“低效率”机制背后潜在的社会合理性提出了新的见解。

关键词: 中国官僚, 科层组织, 汉代, 中华帝国 , 儒教, 地方利益

Abstract:

From Qin Dynasty up to Qing Dynasty, officials appointed by the central government in imperial China were not only beholden to their superiors but also acted as brokers for local interests. We characterize such a structural position as having “dual accountability.” Although the accountability to superiors is readily understandable within the Weberian framework of bureaucratic hierarchy, the reasons behind the local accountability needs an explanation. This paper attempts to explain how officials worked for their regional interests by analyzing the dual accountability in East Han Dynasty (25-220 AD). By investigating the larger contexts of the government structure, political ideology, and personnel system at the time, we have offered three explanations in the paperpractical necessity, “Confucian” ideology, and reputational mechanism, which have received some supportive empirical evidence from multiple sources, including the administrative records and inscriptions on ancient stelae. In addition, we question Weber’s analysis of the Chinese imperial governing system and present new ideas about the social rationality underlying an “inefficient” system that was in place for two millennia.

Key words: Chinese bureaucracy ,   Han Dynasty, Imperial China, Confucianism, local accountability