残障者的制度与生活：从“个人模式”到“普同模式”

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 近20年来，中国的残障者数量骤然增加，相关的专业化社会服务也随之兴起，但对残障问题的社会学研究却依然滞后。本文主要通过考察现代英美社会在残障问题上的研究历程，集中探讨残障者的制度与生活变迁，反思面向个体援助的福利框架和重视治疗的“医疗模式”，基于对残障观念从“社会模式”到“普同模式”的转变进程的理解，揭示障碍研究的主要问题。在这一演进过程中，社会模式与普同模式批判“健全者中心主义”的制度建构，逐渐确立起残障者作为生活主体的理念，并试图通过连带普通人的障碍体验为策略，汇聚成制度改革的合力。障碍研究的推进，提示了各类模式，引发了诸种思潮，试图改变制度、改造社会，并转变人观。理解这一社会历史进程可以为中国应对残障问题以及化解老龄化所带来的诸多社会问题提供重要的启示。

关键词: 少数族群 , 障碍认同 , 残障/障碍 , 医疗模式 , 社会模式 , 普同模式

Abstract: The last two decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in both the number of people with disability and the social services provided for them. However, sociological studies on the matter are evidently lacking. This paper examines the history of social service for the disabled in the United States and the United Kingdom. Both countries experienced changes in the institution and life of the disabled from the medical model and individual support welfare model to the social model and universal model.The social and universal models of disability offer a critique of “healthism”, a notion that people with disability are different to “what is healthy”. The social and universal models treat people with disability not as objects of medical treatment and social protection but “subjects” of life. Such thinking is not unfamiliar in China as well. In practice, institution and life experience intersect, and proper channels should be provided for the disabled to give feedback on any institutional shortcomings in meeting their needs. By examining this historical change in the UK and the US we can gain a better understanding of our own situation and give room for further reform.

Key words: ethnic minorities , disability , medical model , social model , disability identity , universal model

杨锃. 残障者的制度与生活：从“个人模式”到“普同模式”[J]. 社会杂志, 2015, 35(6): 85-115.

YANG Zeng. Institutions and Life for People with Disability: From “Individual Model” to “Universal Model”[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2015, 35(6): 85-115.

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