社会杂志 ›› 2016, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (5): 155-174.

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

市场转型、教育分流与中国城乡高等教育机会不平等(1977-2008)——兼论重点中学制度是否应该为城乡高等教育机会不平等买单

庞圣民   

  1. 北京大学社会学系
  • 出版日期:2016-09-20 发布日期:2016-09-20
  • 通讯作者: 庞圣民 E-mail:pangshm@pku.edu.cn

Market Transition, Educational Differentiation and Urban-Rural Inequality in Chinese Higher Education (1977-2008)

PANG Shengmin   

  1. Department of Sociology, Peking University
  • Online:2016-09-20 Published:2016-09-20

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摘要：

20世纪90年代以来，城乡间高等教育机会不平等愈演愈烈。本文使用CGSS 2008数据，基于梅尔模型，首先从总体上分析了城乡教育不平等的演进过程，结果发现，城乡间高等教育机会不平等主要肇始于小学升初中和初中升高中两个阶段，而由后者产生的不平等尤为严重。继而，本文对中学阶段升学过程展开专门分析，发现在“课外补习班市场”发育过程中，受益最大的是就读于非重点初中的城镇子弟，正是这类高中候选人与同样就读于非重点初中的农村子弟在市场转型后升学机会差距的迅速扩大，导致在后续高中升大学阶段，虽然高等教育规模一再扩张，城乡居民教育机会的不平等却愈演愈烈。本文还发现，就读于重点中学的城乡子弟间升学机会的不平等并未在市场化后显著增大，因而，本文认为，重点中学制度不应为近年来日益加剧的城乡高等教育机会不平等负责。

关键词: 市场转型, 重点中学, 城乡高等教育机会不平等

Abstract:

Since the 1990s, the urban-rural inequality in higher education access has become increasingly severe in China. Drawn from the data of the 2008 Chinese General Social Survey, this study applies the Mare Model to analyze the evolutional process of urban-rural inequality in higher education access. Results show that the urban-rural gap begins in two transitional stages of schooling:elementary to junior and junior to senior, with the latter playing a much more significant role to the discrepancy. The after-school tutoring market is particularly beneficial to the urban students from non-key junior high schools. Because of it, the difference between them and their rural counterpart amplifies dramatically during the important transition from junior to senior high schools. As a result, while higher education has expanded continuously since the 1990s, the urban-rural inequality in educational access is becoming even more prominent. Nevertheless, the marketization of education does not seem to have a significant impact on the access inequality between the urban and rural students from key junior high schools. It appears that key school system itself is not the culprit causing the inequality. The study concludes that in order to reduce the urban-rural inequality in higher education access, it is crucial to bring down the disparity in elementary education, and more importantly, to improve the quality of rural junior high school education. It also recommends a guided expansion of after-school tutoring market in rural area.

Key words: urban-rural inequality in gaining access to higher education, market transition, key-point secondary school