社会杂志 ›› 2016, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (5): 197-221.

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

“知母不知父”的中国谱系

周丹丹1, 李若晖2   

  1. 1. 上海工程技术大学社会科学学院;
    2. 复旦大学哲学学院
  • 出版日期:2016-09-20 发布日期:2016-09-20
  • 通讯作者: 周丹丹 E-mail:dandan@sues.edu.cn

Theory of Matriarchal Society and Its Problematic Application in China

ZHOU Dandan1, LI Ruohui2   

  1. 1. School of Social Science, Shanghai University of Engineering ScienceAuthor;
    2. School of Philosophy, Fudan University
  • Online:2016-09-20 Published:2016-09-20

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摘要：

“知母不知父”的母系社会学说在西方和中国经历了两种不同的学术命运。在西方，它作为一个学术命题已被基本否定，但在20世纪的中国社会科学界却被广泛接受。西方“母权社会”学说体系的坍塌，为我们反思中国自身“知母不知父”之说的来龙去脉提供了契机。晚清民国之际，这一话语体系被引入中国，之后被历史学家用来构造了中国上古时代的一个特定时期，以期证明中国的历史发展阶段不外乎于人类之普遍历史。重新回到中国古代的经典文本自身，我们发现，在道家和法家的思想脉络中，“知母不知父”具有各自独特的思想内涵。先秦文献所展示的思想世界与20世纪套用西方学术术语对其进行的描述之间存在裂缝。本文将梳理“知母不知父”的中国谱系，反思这一断裂对当今探索社会学本土化的意义，并由此发掘与阐扬中国社会学的思想传统。

关键词: 社会学本土化, 有母有国, 无父无君, 母权社会, “知母不知父”

Abstract:

The theory of matriarchal society has had quite a different fate in China than in the West. As an academic proposition, matriarchy, referring to primitive female-dominated societies, is largely discredited in the West. However, as an academic myth, it gained popularity among the Chinese social scientists in the 20th century. The collapse of matriarchy theory in the West offers us an opportunity to reflect on the origin and the meaning of the Chinese phrase "zhimu bu zhifu" (one only knows his/her mother but not father). The term of "matriarchy" was introduced into Chinese language during the late Qing and the early Republican period. Ever since then, the term has been applied to describe a Chinese prehistoric period in order to cast China in the same light of the West sharing the same universal pattern of evolutional development stages of human history. Phrases such as "zhimu bu zhifu" from ancient Chinese classics were treated as evidences for the existence of a matriarchal period in China. However, a careful examination of the original text challenges such assumption. "Zhimu bu zhifu" speaks for different sets of ideas in Daoism and Legalism. During the Warring States, Confucianism was the main advocator of monarchical power. In Confucian views, serve one's father is equal to serve one's emperor, the same reverence should be observed. But, Daoism rejects monarchy, thus the followers of Zhuangzi forsake fathers for the love of mothers. The followers of Legalist Shang Yang saw love for mothers as love for self, a motivation for people to pursue competition and conquest. The strong and the virtuous would emerge and compete with each other. A monarchy with absolute power is the necessary solution to such competitions. Therefore, in Legalist views, love to mother leads to a strong monarchical state. Our study demonstrates a clear mismatch of what "zhimu bu zhifu" meant in the pre-Qin Chinese classics and its modern interpretation in the Chinese application of the theory of matriarchal society.

Key words: recognize mother to remain state, matriarchy thought, cancel father to cancel monarch, matriarchal society, the localization of Chinese sociology