自然法的古今之变:《自然社会》的思想史评析

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

从自然法到自然权利的范式突变是西方社会思想史和政治思想史上的重大事件。政治社会乃是自然社会，即符合人的自然性（人性）的社会，这一由亚里士多德首先系统阐述并主导着西方古代和中世纪政治思想的主流学说，到早期现代受到全面颠覆。政治社会被理解为人为脱离自然状态而通过社会契约建构而成的人造物。李猛的《自然社会》一书是对上述问题的系统讨论。该书不乏有创造性综合的见解。但本文侧重于指出其中的几点不足，包括未能发现古罗马人的自由概念与主体权利概念之间的相似之处，以及未能发现平等而不是权利对现代观念的构成性影响等等。笔者以为造成这些缺陷原因在于李猛放弃了他擅长的社会理论方法，而纯粹从观念史的角度来思考伦理和政治问题。

关键词: 自然平等, 自然权利, 自然社会, 自然法, 社会契约

Abstract:

The change from natural law to natural rights is a transformative event in the early history of modern political philosophy. It alters the way that a modern man understands his relationship with the society as well as the ethical foundation of political authority. The idea that political society was natural because it suited human nature was firmly rejected by the early modern political philosophy. Leading philosophers at the time began to see political society as an unnatural man-created entity of social contracts. Li Meng's Natural Society offers a methodical discussion of this paramount shift in the history of Western political philosophy. Like his previous works, Natural Society is a creative work of synthesis. This review recognizes Li's important contribution in the filed but also points out some significant omissions in his book. For instances, Li intentionally leaves out the crucial role of Christianity in denaturalizing natural law. In so doing, it hampers the reader's understanding of the transformation from classical natural law to modern natural rights. Li's uncritical adoption of Michel Villey's viewpoint, which has been decisively challenged by later studies, also prevents him to explore the concepts of "freedom" and "subjective rights" in Roman law and how equality, not rights, influences the formation of modern ideas.

Key words: natural society, social contract, natural law, natural rights, natural equality

郑戈. 自然法的古今之变:《自然社会》的思想史评析[J]. 社会杂志, 2016, 36(6): 1-31.

ZHENG Ge. When Society Becomes Unnaturai: A Critique of Natural Society: Natural Law and the Formation of Modern Moral World[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2016, 36(6): 1-31.

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