社会杂志 ›› 2019, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (1): 153-183.

• 专题：文明与社会 • 上一篇    下一篇

从三重功能到二元联盟:杜梅齐尔印欧文明研究中的政治发生学思考

张原   

  1. 西南民族大学西南民族研究院
  • 出版日期:2019-01-20 发布日期:2019-01-20
  • 作者简介:张原,E-mail:map8848@sina.cn

From Tripartite Division of Social Functions to Binary Alliance: Political Genesis Hypothesis in Dumézil's Study of the Indo-European Civilization

ZHANG Yuan   

  1. Southwest Institute of Ethnological Studies, Southwest Institute of Nationalities, Southwest Minzu University
  • Online:2019-01-20 Published:2019-01-20

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摘要：

基于社会学化的比较神话学研究，杜梅齐尔提出了由社会三重功能来形构理想的完整社会乃印欧文明所共有的意识形态的看法，这是从二元联盟的等级性团结中产生的一种政治观。通过承继莫斯与葛兰言的理论关怀，杜梅齐尔考察了印欧文明的等级构成与君权运作的社会学原理，并将联盟这一概念运用到国家内部的组织结构与运作逻辑的考察分析中。杜梅齐尔的政治发生学研究不仅改变了古典学以印欧世界的城邦制度与神圣王权为理论基点之人文探讨的视野，也拓展了人类学以土著社会的联盟组织和头人制度为问题核心的经验考察范围，为现代社会科学搭建起了一条贯通部落组织、古典国家与现代政治的比较研究路径。对于当代人文社会科学的中国研究而言，这种穿透性的考察极富启发性。

关键词: 二元联盟, 三重功能论, 政治发生学, 杜梅齐尔, 等级团结

Abstract:

Among the reviews on Dumézil's theory on the political genesis, little attention has been paid to his later transition from discussing the tripartite division of social functions to binary alliance. To comprehend the theoretical implication of this transition, this paper relies mostly on the analyses of his later works, especially the book From Myth to Fiction:The Saga of Hadingus. Under the influence of both Marcel Mauss' and Marcel Granet's theories and approaches, Dumézil sought out the sociological theories and political principles formulated by the hierarchical solidarity and sovereignty embedded in the Indo-European myths. To illustrate how the Indo-European civilization builds up its ideal society, Dumézil first proposes that the tripartite division of social functions is the core of the hierarchical solidarity in the Indo-European civilization. Later, through further comparisons of different myths in the Indo-European world, he comes to the realization that the hierarchical solidarity is generated by binary alliance while the tripartite division of social functions is nothing more than an outcome of binary alliance. By introducing the concept of ‘alliance’ into the analysis on the structure and logic of the mechanism of the state, Dumezil finally arrives at a framework for modern social sciences to comparatively analyze three major social types:tribal societies, classical civilizations as well as modern polities. In this sense, Dumézil's theory on political genesis goes beyond the classical studies' narrow presupposition of polities and divine kinship in the Indo-European civilization. Its application also expands beyond the traditional anthropological analyses on the alliance and chiefdom in "primitive" societies. Thus, Dumézil's theories and approaches can provide a stimulating perspective for the Chinese studies of humanities and social sciences..

Key words: tripartite division of social functions, political genesis, binary alliance, George Dumézil, hierarchical solidarity