社会杂志 ›› 2019, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (2): 214-241.

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

滕尼斯与齐美尔:社会伦理同文化伦理的分流

张巍卓   

  1. 中国社会科学院社会学研究所
  • 出版日期:2019-03-20 发布日期:2019-03-20
  • 作者简介:张巍卓,E-mail:zwz.88820@163.com

Tönnies and Simmel: The Divide of Social Ethics and Cultural Ethics

ZHANG Weizhuo   

  1. Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
  • Online:2019-03-20 Published:2019-03-20

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摘要：

作为德国社会学的两位奠基人，滕尼斯和齐美尔奠定了截然相反的两种现代伦理生活格局。伦理世界观的分流源于他们各自对时代处境的体验以及对思想史的独特解释。从近代自然法的角度出发，滕尼斯的社会伦理的核心是重建政治社会的秩序与风尚，一切价值最终都要融入社会；与此相反，齐美尔的社会学思考从一开始就以对社会伦理的批评作为前提，他将超越社会的个体生命视作伦理的目的，对他来说，生命不仅意味着身处社会之中的个体具有饱满个性，而且从自身孕育出客观的、适用于他自己的伦理责任。从帝制时期到魏玛时期，德国社会伦理同文化伦理的分流、交织与合流为我们提供了一条理解德国社会学史的清晰主线。

关键词: 滕尼斯, 齐美尔, 生命, 社会伦理, 文化伦理, 共同体

Abstract:

As two founders of German Sociology, Ferdinand Tönnies and Georg Simmel laid the foundation of the opposite pattern of modern ethical life. Their divide of the ethical view of life stemmed from their experience of the age and the explanation of the intellectual history respectively. From the context of the natural law theory, the essence of Tönnies' social ethics is reestablishing the order and custom of modern political society, every cultural value must meet the needs of society, therefore he traces back to the social history of German people and has portrayed a new ethical life of German society by reinterpreting the family spirit. By contrast, Simmel's sociological thought made the critics of social ethics the precondition from the beginning. In his view, the scholars who share the worldview of social ethics have not noticed the fate of externalization and ambiguity of modern politics and social development. So, he regards the individual life that transcends the society as the end of the ethics. The head-on confrontation between Tönnies and Simmel begins from their interpretations of Friedrich Nietzsche's moral doctrine and then ascends to the debate on Kant's ethics. Tönnies' social ethics is the derivative of Kant's ethics, form individual rational self-discipline to collective normative psychology. Simmel believes that Kant had presupposed a pure rational other outside the individual, so he fell into the abyss of heteronomy. Tönnies' social ethics have now enlarged this paradox to the wealth position and power domination by the social authority. Thus, the social ethics obliterates the value of individual's life. Simmel thinks that life not only means individual being in the society has his full personality, but also gives birth to the objective ethical responsibilities applied to himself. From the period of the German Reich to the Weimar Republic, the divide and the converging of the social ethics and cultural ethics have provided us a principal line to understand the history of German sociological theory.

Key words: Ferdinand Tönnies, Georg Simmel, life, social ethics, cultural ethics, community