社会杂志 ›› 2019, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (6): 149-186.

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

非人间、曼陀罗与我圣朝:18世纪五台山的多重空间想象和身份表达

张帆   

  1. 北京大学社会学系
  • 发布日期:2019-11-19
  • 作者简介:张帆,E-mail:fanzhangj@pku.edu.cn

Transcendent Space, Mandala and Our Holy Empire: Multiple Spatial Imaginations of Mount Wutai and Multiple Identifications in the 18th Century

ZHANG Fan   

  1. Department of Sociology, Peking University
  • Published:2019-11-19

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摘要： 18世纪，五台山逐步发展为一个跨区域、多文明的神圣中心，吸引着来自我国的汉地、蒙古、藏区以及印度、日本、朝鲜等地的朝圣者。此间，大量不同版本、不同语言的五台山山志以及朝圣指南频出，包括僧侣编写的汉文、藏文和蒙古文等朝圣指南以及清廷主导编写的钦定山志。本文通过比较关于五台山的四个汉藏文本，分析这四个文本中的汉传佛教叙事、藏传佛教叙事和皇权叙事，探讨不同叙事呈现出的不同文明体系对于空间和地景、民族和国家、世俗和神圣等概念的想象和表述，进而以“文明”的视角拓展对知识生产、神圣空间和国家建构之间关系的理论探讨。文章解绑了语言、民族、文化、国家等概念之间的对应关系，将帝国作为一种跨地域多文明体系的国家形式，指出帝国的扩张过程并不是帝国中心不断推进、“文明化”作为文化和自然的边陲的过程，而是多文明体系互动交融，不断参与帝国的文化和自然的建构的过程。

关键词: 五台山, 空间, 地景, 帝国建构

Abstract: During the 18th century, Mount Wutai gradually became a trans-local sacred center, attracting visitors and pilgrims from China proper, Tibetan and Mongolian regions, India, Japan and Korea. Its popularity gained the patronage and frequent visits from Qing emperors. Consequently, writings about Mount Wutai mushroomed in various versions, editions, and languages, such as the Chinese, Tibetan, and Mongolian pilgrimages guides composed by Buddhist monks of different Chinese and Tibetan traditions, as well as the imperially approved mountain gazetteer compiled by the Qing officials. This study, by comparing four 18th century texts on Mount Wutai, analyzes the Chinese Buddhist, Tibetan Buddhist and imperial narratives in the texts, investigates their imaginations of the world and the empire, analyzes their conceptualizations of space, landscape, and power, and discusses the relationship between knowledge production, sacred space and imperial formation. This article demonstrates the process in which the sacred landscape of Mount Wutai was shaped by various knowledge traditions and fluid actors across the boundaries of the region, ethnicity, and religion in the 18th century. It points out that the openness of space and the fluidity of actors gave birth to the multiple identifications and belongings through the diverse spatial imaginations of Mount Wutai as transcendent space or mandala, which at the same time contributed to the emerging sense of "our holy empire". In unfolding this process, this article endeavors to untangle the bundle of ethnicity, nation, state, language and culture by highlighting the multiple identifications and expressions. This article also tackles the dichotomy of marginality and centrality, arguing that instead of the imperial center "civilizing" the peripheries and transforming the landscapes, it is the knowledge traditions and the landscapes in the margins that generated the sacredness of the imperial sovereignty.

Key words: Mount Wutai, space, landscape, imperial formation