社会杂志 ›› 2023, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (1): 27-54.

• 专题:西方现代国家形成的多元视角 • 上一篇    下一篇

“对共同伤害的复仇”或义愤的社会化维度——斯宾诺莎《政治论》与一个自由共同体的情动基础

宋一帆   

  • 发布日期:2023-03-08
  • 作者简介:宋一帆,复旦大学哲学学院,E-mail:yfsong19@fudan.edu.cn

“Revenge for the Common Injuries” or the Dimension of Socialization of Indignation:Spinoza's Political Treatise and the Affective Foundation of a Free Community

SONG Yifan   

  • Published:2023-03-08

摘要: 斯宾诺莎是启蒙传统中的一个“异类”,其政治社会理论不再将政治社会视作“国中之国”,而将人类情动 (affect)视作一种真实的社会力量,并且将这些个体间的力量博弈奠立为国家的根基。由此,因特定社会状态而起的抵抗性情动“义愤”就以一种极富张力的方式被引入社会起源的讨论中。与对抗性的政治行动不同,斯宾诺莎强调这种情动所呈现的时空特征。在空间维度上,因义愤而敞开的情动模仿及想象性认同可贡献于社会化过程;在时间维度上,短时效的义愤能够被有效调控与挫败,使其作为集体伤害的记忆融入建制之中,提供社会变革的历史性动力。好的共同体必须将由“恐惧”支配的团结模式转变为由“希望”引导的团结模式。

关键词: 斯宾诺莎, 情动, 义愤, 社会想象, 希望

Abstract: Spinoza's political social theory can be regarded as an "anomaly" in the entire enlightenment tradition. Although his theory shows a strong affinity with the social contract theory represented by Thomas Hobbes,its substantive connotation goes far beyond the discourse of natural law. This means moving away from viewing political society as a "imperio in imperium",rejecting the normative and moral interpretations of nature. Spinoza regards human affects as the real social forces and the interplay of these individual forces as the very foundation of every state. Among them,imagination plays a vital role in the process of socialization,mobilization and activation of collective affects. Thus,the "indignation" of given society, or the "right of war" of the multitude, is introduced into the discussion of the origin of society in a very tense way. Unlike the antagonistic political action discourse advocated by Antonio Negri and others,Spinoza emphasizes the spatio-temporal character of indignation and put it under the framework of an affective dynamics. In the spatial dimension,the affective imitation and imaginary identification aroused by indignation can contribute to the socialization. In the temporal dimension, indignation itself is a highly unstable,short-lived and situation-determined affect. For Spinoza the process of socialization by "imaging an enemy" is always problematic and inevitably introduces hatred and exclusion into the foundation of community. Therefore,the long-time maintenance of affects,especially those truly integrated into collective memory and institutional culture,requires a dynamic transformation of affects over time,namely from "desire" to "longing" and "hate" to "love". This dynamic moment is also called "fluctuation" in Spinoza's term. For him a good community is never merely dominated by reason,but also requires as much as possible a transformation of the "fear" model of solidarity into the unity of "hope". Fear can eliminate war and create obedience,but can never effectively improve the power of minds and appease indignation at the bottom of society. Even though hope in itself is not a normative idea,it is more likely to be in harmony with rational forms of governing,to have a higher trust in society and a more active imagination,and eventually to gain experience of empowerment.

Key words: Spinoza, affect, indignation, social imagination, hope