社会杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 96-130.

• 专题三：婚姻的古今之变 • 上一篇    下一篇

地位匹配与庇护共享：宋代国家构建下的精英家族婚姻

王阳()   

  • 出版日期:2025-07-20 发布日期:2025-08-14
  • 作者简介:王阳, 北京大学武汉人工智能研究院, E-mail: wangyang@whai.pku.edu.cn

Status-Based Matching and Sheltered Sharing: Elite Family's Marriage under the State Building of the Song Dynasty

Yang WANG()   

  • Online:2025-07-20 Published:2025-08-14
  • About author:WANG Yang, PKU-Wuhan Institute for Artificial Intelligence, E-mail: wangyang@whai.pku.edu.cn

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摘要：

国家构建与精英家族再生产之间一直存在着张力，厘清早期国家权力扩张下精英家族组织合作的基本策略及其变化是理解传统国家治理与社会结构互动的关键。本文采用指数随机图模型，利用中国历代人物传记资料库中的宋代人物数据，考察宋代精英家族基于地位匹配和庇护共享的两种婚姻逻辑，并探究熙宁变法对两种逻辑下“门当户对”和“累世嘉盟”婚姻模式的影响。研究发现，中国早期国家构建的进程会促使精英群体的婚姻策略变得更加开放和不畏风险：一方面，社会开放性的增加会削减精英家族间基于地位正向匹配的同质婚；另一方面，国家权力的扩张会加强精英建设家族共同体的外在压力和内在需求，促进家族前代间庇护关系对后代联姻的正向影响。这些发现揭示了传统中国国家构建进程中“国”与“家”之间互动、协调与统合的复杂图景。

关键词: 精英家族, 婚姻, 国家构建, 宋代, 指数随机图模型

Abstract:

There are always considerable tensions between the state building and the reproduction of elite families. Clarifying the basic strategies and changes in the cooperation of elite family organizations in the early state power expansion is crucial to understanding the interaction between state governance and social structure. This research uses exponential random graph model(ERGM) and the Song Dynasty dataset from the China Biographical Database (CBDB) to examine the two marriage logics of elite families based on status matching and sheltered sharing, as well as the impact of the Xining Reform on the "matching by status" and "long-standing alliance" marriage modes under these two logics. The research finds that in the early stage of transition from a traditional to a modern state, social mobility increases but state power remains relatively limited. Elite families exhibit low risk preference and conservative behavior patterns. Their marriage strategies are mainly manifested as negative matching based on ascribed status and positive matching based on achieved status from the perspective of individual traits, as well as the continuation of hereditary patronage relationships and the suppression of oppressive patronage relationships from the perspective of relational structure. As the nation building process accelerates, the expansion of state power dominated by utilitarianism, centralization and institutionalization influences the reproduction strategies of the elite by adjusting the social redistribution mechanism, prompting them to adopt more open and risk-taking marriage strategies: on the one hand, increased social openness reduces homogeneous marriages among elite families based on positive status matching, and on the other hand, the expansion of state power strengthens the external pressure and internal demand for elite families to focus on clans, hence promoting the positive influence of sheltered relationships among previous generations on the intermarriages of subsequent generations. The research findings reveal the complex picture of the interaction, coordination, and integration between the "state" and the "family" in the early state building process in China.

Key words: elite family, marriage, state building, Song Dynasty, exponential random graph model