社会杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 131-157.

• 专题三:婚姻的古今之变 • 上一篇    下一篇

静水潜流:社会变迁、婚姻状态与生育水平变化

范新光()   

  • 出版日期:2025-07-20 发布日期:2025-08-14
  • 作者简介:范新光  北京大学社会学系, E-mail: xfan19@pku.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    北京市社科基金青年项目(21SRC020)

Still Water Run Deep: Social Changes, Marital Status, and Changes in Fertility Levels

Xinguang FAN()   

  • Online:2025-07-20 Published:2025-08-14
  • About author:FAN Xinguang, Department of Sociology, Peking University; E-mail: xfan19@pku.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Beijing Social Science Fund(21SRC020)

摘要:

我国生育转变完成后,由于人口平均年龄上升和受教育程度提高带来的对冲效应,婚姻状态的结构长期以来保持稳定。本文使用条件分解法,通过控制受教育程度和年龄对婚姻状态的影响,估计婚姻状态结构的跨时期变化对生育转变完成后中国生育水平变化的贡献。基于1990—2020年四次人口普查微观数据,本研究发现婚姻状态的结构变化对生育水平变化的贡献呈现逐步上升的趋势,并存在显著的地区差异,呈现由城市向农村、由发达地区向欠发达地区递减的规律。进一步的分析表明,社会发展水平在一定程度上解释了婚姻状态贡献的区域异质性。研究结果对第二次生育转变理论在中国的适用性作出回应。为了深入理解中国低生育水平的长期趋势,学界仍需在理论和实证层面进一步关注婚姻观念的变迁及其对生育行为的影响。

关键词: 生育水平, 婚姻状态, 社会变迁, 分解法

Abstract:

Against the backdrop of China's transition to a sustained low-fertility regime, marriage—as the institutional foundation of childbearing—has drawn increasing attention for its role in shaping fertility patterns. This study employs microdata from four waves of China's population censuses (1990-2020) and applies a conditional decomposition method to estimate the structural contribution of marital status to changes in fertility levels among women of reproductive age. In addition, it incorporates provincial-level panel data to examine regional heterogeneity in the relationship between marriage and fertility. The results show that although the overall structure of marital status remained stable over the past three decades, the structural contribution of marital status to fertility change has increased significantly once age and education are controlled for. The effect is more pronounced in urban areas, though rural areas also display a steadily rising trend. Findings from provincial panel analyses further indicate that the explanatory power of marital status is closely associated with regional socioeconomic development, and that the interaction between shifts in marital structure and fertility norms varies across provinces.Theoretically, this study engages with the ongoing debate over the applicability of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) theory in the Chinese context. By foregrounding institutional and structural dimensions, this study extends global demographic theories to non-Western contexts and contributes to the construction of a localized theoretical framework for understanding Chinese fertility behaviors. It highlights the persistent misalignment between structural inertia and shifting fertility values, offering a new lens to explain the persistence of the lowest fertility rates in China.

Key words: fertility levels, marital status, social changes, decomposition