控制与抵抗:雇主与家政工在家务劳动过程中的博弈

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文以劳动过程理论为基础，在借用布雷弗曼的视角——“概念”与“执行”的同时，结合M.福柯、戈夫曼和霍奇斯柴德的理论，讨论家政工与雇主在家务劳动方面的博弈过程以及双方为争夺劳动过程控制权所采取的策略和行动，同时讨论意识形态在此博弈中发挥的作用。本文认为，在家务劳动过程中，雇主的身心是分离的。他们为了满足自己的需求，通过各种策略控制劳动过程，将家政工的身心进行分割。这些策略包括时间规训、全景监视和情感管理。而家政工为了避免身心被分割，也采取“跳槽”、讨价还价、搭建“前后台”等方式来夺回对劳动过程控制权。此外，家政工也可能受到意识形态的影响而主动放弃控制权。

关键词: 家务劳动, 劳动过程, 控制, 抵抗

Abstract:

Based on the theory of labor process, this paper uses Braverman’s “conception” and “execution,” and also, Foucault, Goffman and Hochschild’s theories to discuss the dynamics between employers and home workers in the labor process of domestic work, their strategies and actions taken to keep the control over this labor process, and. the role of ideology in it. The main point of this paper is that the“conception” and “execution” of the employers are separated in the labor process of domestic work. In order to have their own needs satisfied, employers try to make their home workers’ “conception” detached from “execution” with such strategies as “routinizing scheduling,” “panopticon like surveillance,” and “emotional management.” Meanwhile, in order to keep “conception” and “execution” unified, home workers deploy strategies of “jobhopping,” “bargaining,” and “upfront/back stage building” to snap back the control of their labor process. However, home workers may give up their control under ideological influences.

Key words: resistance, domestic work, labor process, control

苏熠慧. 控制与抵抗:雇主与家政工在家务劳动过程中的博弈[J]. 社会杂志.

SU Yi-Hui. Labor Control and Resistance: The Dynamics between Employers and Home Workers in the Labor Process of Domestic Work[J]. Chinese Journal of Sociology.

参考文献

参考文献（References）
Abel, Emily and Nelson, Margaret （ed.）. 1990. Circles of Care: Work and Identity in Women’s Lives. State University of New York Press.
北京农家女文化发展中心，编. 2008. 透视家政工［M］. 贵阳：贵州人民出版社.［Beijing Rural Women Cultural Development Center. 2008. Analyzing Domestic Workers. Guiyang: Guizhou People’s Publishing.］
布雷弗曼, 哈里. 1979. 劳动与垄断资本：二十世界中劳动的退化［M］. 北京：商务印书馆.［Braverman, Harry.1979. Labour and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. Beijing: Comercial Press.］
布若威，迈可. ［1979］2005.制造甘愿：垄断资本主义劳动过程的历史变迁［M］.台北：群学出版有限公司.［Burawoy，Michael.2005.Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process Under Monopoly Capitalism. Taipei: Group Study Publishers Ltd.］
Cancian, F. M. and S. J. Oliker. 2000. Caring and Gernder: Thousand Oaks. CA: Pine Forge.
Cheever, Susan. 2002. “ The Nanny Dilemma.” Pp.31-39. In Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy, edited by Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild. New York, Metropolitan Books.
陈宝明、孙自俊. 1983. 保姆的社会作用——对上海部分中、高级知识分子家庭的调查［J］. 社会（5）.［Chen Baoming and Sun Zijun.1983. Domestic Workers’ Social RoleSurvey of Some Intellectures’ Family in Shanhai.Society （5）.(in Chinese)］
Colen, Shelle, 1986. “‘Housekeeping’ for the Green Card: West Indian Household Workers, the State, and Stratified Reproduction in New York.” Pp. 89-118. In At Work in Home: Household Workers in World Perspective, edited by Roger Sanjek and Shellee Colen. American Ethnological Society Monograph Series 3. Washington, D.C.: American Ethnological Soceity.
Constable, Nicole. 1997. Maid to Order in Hong Kong. Cornell University. Ithaca and London.
Constable, Nicole. 2002. “Filipina Workers in Hong Kong Homes: Household Rules and Relations.” Pp.115-142. In Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy, edited by Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild. New York, Metropolitan Books.
戴建国. 2004.“主仆名分”与宋代奴婢的法律地位——唐宋变革时期阶级结构研究之一［J］. 历史研究（4）.［Dai Jianguo.2004. “The Status of Masters and Servants and the Legal Position of Male and Female Servants in the Song Dynasty: A Study of Changing Class Structure during the Tang and Song Dynasties.” Historical Research（4）.(in Chinese)］
Ehrenreich, Barbara and Arlie R. Hochschild （eds）. 2002.Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. New York, Metropolitan Books.
England, Paula.2005. “Emerging Theories of Care Work” Annual Review Sociology 31: 381-99.
冯小双. 2004. 转型社会中的保姆与雇主关系——以北京市个案为例［G］ // 转型社会中的中国妇女. 中国社会科学院妇女研究中心, 孟宪范，编. 北京：中国社会科学出版社.［Feng Xiaoshuang.2004. “Relation between Domestic Workers and Employers in the Social Transformation. As Case of Beijing.” In Chinese Women in the Scoial Transformation， edited by Women’s Study Center in Chinese Academy of Social Science, Meng Xianfan. Beijing: China Social Science Publishing House.］
Fisher, Berenice and Joan Tronto. 1990. “Toward a Feminist Theory of Caring”,in Circles of Care: Work and Identity in Women’s Lives, edited by Emily K. Abel and Margaret K. Nelson. Pp35-63. State University of New York Press.
福柯, M. ［1977］2003. 规训与惩罚：监狱的诞生［M］. 刘北成、杨远婴，译.北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店.［Foucault, Michel. ［1977］2003. Surveiller et Punir: Naissance de la Prison, translated by Liu Beicheng and Yang Yuanying. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company.］
高小贤. 2005.“银花赛”：20世纪50年代农村妇女的性别分工［J］.社会学研究（4）.［Gao Xiaoxian.2005. “‘Yinhua Match’: The Sex Division of Rural Women in 1950s.” Sociological Studies (4). (in Chinese)］
Glenn, Evelyn Nakano. 2000. “Creating A Caring Society.” Contemporary Sociology 29(1). Utopian Visions: Engaged Sociologies for the 21st Century.
戈夫曼，E. 2008. 日常生活中的自我呈现［M］. 冯钢,译.北京大学出版社.［Goffman，Erving. 2008. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, translated by Fenggang. Peking University Press.］
Graham, Hilary. 1983. “Caring: A labour of Love.” Pp. 13-30. In A Labour of Love, edited by J. Finch and D. Groves. London: Routledge and Keegan Paul.
Hochschild, Arlie Russell.1979. “Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure.” The American Journal of Sociology, 85(3).
霍奇斯柴德, 亚莉·R. 1992.情绪管理的探索［M］. 徐瑞珠,译.台北：桂冠图书股份有限公司.［Hochschild, Arlie Russell.1992. The Managed Heart, translated by Xu Ruizhu. Taipei: Laurel Book Co., Ltd.］
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 2002. “Love and Gold.” Pp.15-31. In Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy, edited by Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild. New York, Metropolitan Books.
HondagneuSotelo, Pierrette. 2001. Domestica: Immigrant Workers Cleaning and Caring in the Shadows of Affluence. University of California Press. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London.
HondagneuSotelo, Pierrette. 2002. “Blowups and Other Unhappy Endings.” Pp.55-70. In Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy, edited by Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild. New York, Metropolitan Books.
金一虹.2006.“铁姑娘”再思考——中国文化大革命期间的社会性别与劳动［J］.社会学研究（1）.［Jin Yihong.2006. “Rethinking the ‘Iron Girls’: Gender and Labor in China during the Cultural Revolution”. Sociological Studies (1). (in Chinese)］
蓝佩嘉. 2008. 跨国灰姑娘：当东南亚帮佣遇上台湾新富家庭［M］. 台北：行人出版社.［Lan Peijia. 2008. Global Cinderellas: Migrant Domestics and Newly Rich Employers. Taipei:Xingren Press.］
Leidner, Robin. 1999. “Emotional Labor in Service Work.” Pp. 81-95. In the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 561, Emotional Labor in the Service Economy (Jan.).
李季平. 1986. 唐代奴婢制度［M］.上海人民出版社.［Li Jiping.1986. Slave System in Tang Dynasty. Shanghai People’s Publishing House.］
李天石. 2003. 中国中古良贱身份制度研究［M］. 南京师范大学出版社.［Li Tianshi.2003. Study on “Liang Jian” System in Medieval China. Nanjing Normal University Press.］
陆德阳、王乃宁. 2004. 社会的又一层面：中国近代女佣［M］. 上海：学林出版社.［Lu Deyang and Wang Naining.2004. Another Dimention of Society: Maids in Modern China. Shanghai: Academia Press.］
马克思. ［1867］2004.资本论（第一卷）［M］.中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局译. 北京：人民出版社.［Max,k. (1867)2004. Das Kapital (Volume 1)， translated by Chinese Communist Party’s Central Translation Bureau of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin’ Work. Beijing: People’s Publishing House.］
Parrenas, Rhacel Salazar. 2001. Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration and Domestic Work. Stanford University Press. Stanford, California.
潘毅.2007.中国女工——新兴打工阶级的呼唤［M］. 任焰,译.香港：明报出版社有限公司.［Pun Ngai. 2008. Made in China: Women Factory Workers in a Global Workplace, translated by Ren Yan. Hong Kong: Ming Pao Publications Limited.］
谢富胜.2007.资本主义的劳动过程：从福特主义到后福特主义转变［J］.中国人民大学学报（2）.［Xie Fusheng. 2007. “Capitalist Labor Process; from Fordism to PostFordism.” Journal of Renmin University of China（2）. (in Chinese).］
Rollins, Judith. 1985. Between Women: Domestic and Their Employers. Temple University Press. Philadelphia.
Ruddick, Sara. 1988. “Care as Labor and Relationship.” Pp. 3-25. In Norms and Values: Essay on the Work of Virginia Held, edited by Joram G. Haber and Mark S. Halfon. Lanham, MD: Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield.
Sun, Wanning. 2008. Maid in China: Media, Morality, and the Cultural Politics of Boundaries. Routledge.
Sun, Wanning. 2009. “Suzhi on the Move: Body, Place, and Power.” Positions （17）.
严海蓉.2001.“素质”、“自我发展”和阶级的幽灵［J］.读书（3）.［Yan Hairong. 2001. “Shuzhi, SelfDevelopment and Ghost of Class.” Reading (3). (in Chinese).］
Yan Hairong.2006. “Rurality and Labor Process Autonomy: The Question of Subsumption in the Waged Labor of Domestic Service.” Cultural Dynamic 18(1).
Yan Hairong. 2008. New Masters, New Servants: Migration, Developments, and Women Workers in China. Durham, Duke University Press.
杨乐.2009.北京市“保姆荒”现状调研［J］.消费导刊（6）.［Yang Le. 2009. “Investigation of ‘Domestic Worker Shortage’ in Beijing.” Consume Guide (6). (in Chinese).］
翟麦玲.2007.从法律角度看汉代奴婢的社会地位［J］.鲁东大学学报（4）.［Zhai Mailing. 2007. “Examining Nubi’s Social Status in Han Dynasty from Legal Perspective.” Ludong University Journal(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition) (4). (in Chinese)］
赵媛园.2009.成都市家庭保姆情况调查报告［J］.人口与发展（4）.［Zhao Yuanyuan. 2009. “Report on Domestic Workers in Chendu.” Population and Development (4). (in Chinese).］

责任编辑：路英浩

[1]	胡悦晗. 控制权理论视角下的教育考试评分标准变异：以甲省新高考历史学科评卷过程为例[J]. 社会杂志, 2019, 39(5): 162-183.
[2]	徐林枫, 张恒宇. “人气游戏”:网络直播行业的薪资制度与劳动控制[J]. 社会杂志, 2019, 39(4): 61-83.
[3]	刘兴花, 王勇. 劳工输出、跨国生产政治与剥削关系的形成——中国赴日劳工的案例研究[J]. 社会杂志, 2019, 39(3): 123-153.
[4]	姚泽麟. 国家控制与医生临床自主性的滥用:对公立医院医生执业行为的分析[J]. 社会杂志, 2017, 37(2): 166-192.
[5]	陶郁, 侯麟科, 刘明兴. 张弛有别:上级控制力、下级自主性和农村基层政令执行[J]. 社会杂志, 2016, 36(5): 107-130.
[6]	卜玉梅. 从在线到离线：基于互联网的集体行动的形成及其影响因素——以反建X餐厨垃圾站运动为例[J]. 社会杂志, 2015, 35(5): 168-195.
[7]	张静. 行政包干的组织基础[J]. 社会杂志, 2014, 34(6): 85-97.
[8]	邱林川. 告别i奴：富士康、数字资本主义与网络劳工抵抗[J]. 社会杂志, 2014, 34(4): 119-137.
[9]	於嘉. 性别观念、现代化与女性的家务劳动时间[J]. 社会杂志, 2014, 34(2): 166-192.
[10]	李晨璐\|赵旭东. 群体性事件中的原始抵抗——以浙东海村环境抗争事件为例[J]. 社会杂志, 2012, 32(5): 179-193.
[11]	王星. 技术的政治经济学：基于马克思主义劳动过程理论的思考[J]. 社会杂志, 2011, 31(1): 200-222.
[12]	张和清. 主族控制下的族群杂居村落:权力的文化网络视角[J]. 社会杂志, 2010, 30(2): 20-44.
[13]	李璐. 企业理论对人力资产的研究梳理与再探索[J]. 社会杂志, 2006, 26(4): 71-84.
[14]	石丹理　韩晓燕　李美羚. 青少年对父母亲职及亲子关系质量的认知：香港与上海的比较[J]. 社会杂志, 2006, 26(3): 137-157.