社会杂志 ›› 2021, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (2): 138-166.

• 专题二：剧变时代的个人选择 • 上一篇    下一篇

“末日重建”与走下神坛的女英雄：卢旺达女性领导者的国家—社会处境与应对

李洁1, 米雷耶·巴塔穆利扎2, 卡朗瓦·埃瓦里斯特3   

  1. 1. 中华女子学院社会工作学院;
    2. 卢旺达性别与家庭促进部;
    3. 卢旺达大学教育学院
  • 发布日期:2021-03-23
  • 作者简介:李洁,E-mail:lijie202@qq.com

The Story of Heroines Who Rebuild Their Country: The State-Society Circumstances and Reaction of Female Leaders in Post-Genocide Rwanda

LI Jie1, Mireille Batamuliza2, Karangwa Evariste3   

  1. 1. School of Social Work, China Women's University;
    2. Mireille Batamuliza, Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion, Rwanda;
    3. Karangwa Evariste, College of Education, University of Rwanda
  • Published:2021-03-23

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摘要： 大屠杀后的卢旺达在推进性别平等，尤其是妇女参政方面取得了举世瞩目的成就，然而其背后是女性领导者在承担堪比男性工作压力的同时，还要承担社会再生产劳动的“双全职生产者”模式。国家公共政策在此过程中扮演了双面角色：一方面，国家自上而下颁布了一系列性别平等的法案、政策、措施，积极保障女性在各个领域，尤其是政治参与方面的平等权利；另一方面，国家却没有建立相应的公共机构来分担生育、抚育等社会再生产工作。这些女性领导者在依赖个体策略与非正式社会支持系统来应对沉重负担的同时，还要面对来自社群文化的审视与怀疑。卢旺达经验与中国妇女解放运动的历史进程有诸多相似之处，这为我们反思以经济独立和“生产至上”为标志的妇女解放道路提供了重要启示。

关键词: 国家, 性别, 家庭, 现代化, 生产—再生产

Abstract: The labor arrangement of industrial society makes" production and reproduction" a contradiction that is both separate and interdependent. One of the significant consequences brought by this is to re-establish the responsibilities and boundaries of production and reproduction between modern state, market, family, and gender. After the genocide of 1994, Rwanda has made world-renowned achievements in advancing gender equality, especially women's participation in politics. It is the "double full-time producers" model that continuously sustain this huge achievement, which means that female leaders not only bear the high-demanding production responsibility comparable to men, but also undertake heavy social reproduction labor. The public policy of Rwanda has assumed a dual role in this process:on the one hand, the state has promulgated a series of gender equality bills, policies, and measures from top to bottom to actively promote women's equal rights in various fields, especially political participation; On the other hand, under the background of severe labor shortage and insufficient public care facilities after the genocide, the Rwandan government has maintained and strengthened the responsibility of private family for social reproduction, while the traditional family structure and community culture's share of reproduction responsibility has been irreversibly weakened during the conflict and modernization process. While these female leaders rely on their individual strategies and informal social support systems to cope with the dual burden, they still face scrutiny and doubts from the community culture. The consensus on the destiny of the country's development and the sharing of historical responsibilities demonstrated by the Rwandan female leaders have many similarities with the Chinese Women's Liberation Movement, which also provides important inspiration and reference for us to rethinking the path of women's liberation characterized by economic independence and "the supremacy of production".

Key words: state, gender, family, modernization, production-reproduction