社会杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (1): 1-30.

• 专题：组织社会学 •    下一篇

项目治国：基于四重机制的总体性阐释

史普原()   

  • 出版日期:2026-01-20 发布日期:2026-03-17
  • 作者简介:史普原  浙江大学社会学系, E-mail：shpy@zju.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家社会科学基金“复杂制度环境与地方产业项目治理机制及其异质性研究”(24BSH081)

Governing by Project System: A Holistic Explanation Based on Four-Fold Mechanisms

Puyuan SHI()   

  • Online:2026-01-20 Published:2026-03-17
  • About author:SHI Puyuan, Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, E-mail: shpy@zju.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Social Sciences Fund "Governance Mechanisms and Heterogeneity of Local Industrial Projects in Complex Institutional Environments"(24BSH081)

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摘要：

项目制为什么能够稳定、广泛和强渗透性地推行，它在具体实践中又体现出何种运行逻辑？本文基于观察视角与分析方位两个层次，提炼出四重典型机制，尝试为项目治国提供一个总体性阐释框架。外部性机制针对项目成本与收益在空间和时间层面的外溢，中央与地方之间的权责模糊导致内外之间存在重大张力；委托代理机制侧重分析中央与地方间多委托方、多任务的组织传导以及专业化与地方化不同方向的信息不对称和模糊难题；合法性机制着眼于探讨绩效、程序和道德合法性如何在纷繁的项目治理实践中同构和异质交叠；嵌入性机制试图阐明国家与社会间的“双轨”政治——自上而下与自下而上——为何偏重一边以及如何影响不同项目的运行模式及其效能。这些机制“四轮驱动”，交叉强化，对项目治国产生总体性效应。

关键词: 项目治国, 外部性, 委托代理, 合法性, 嵌入性

Abstract:

Why can the project system be implemented in a stable, widespread and highly pervasive manner, and what operational logic does it demonstrate in specific governance practices?This paper distinguishes between two levels: the observational perspective and the analytical dimension. The former encompasses the relationship between the central and local governments, as well as that between the state and society; the latter includes the essential intent of the system, and the interactive practices of multiple subjects. Based on these two levels, this paper identifies four typical mechanisms: externality, principal-agent, legitimacy, and embeddedness, thereby providing a holistic interpretive framework for project-based governance. The externality mechanism addresses the spatial and temporal spillovers of project costs and benefits, while the ambiguous division of rights and responsibilities between central and local authorities leads to significant tensions. Moreover, it emphasizes the logic of public goods while failing to adequately capture the logic of modernization and development. The principal-agent mechanism focuses on analyzing the organizational transmission between central and local authorities, especially the multi-tasking problem, as well as the information asymmetry and ambiguity arising from different directions of specialised and localized knowledge. It also helps explain the bundling practices of economic development and social welfare, and the emerging phenomena of hybrid governance and project package contracting. The legitimacy mechanism explores how performance, procedural, and moral legitimacy are isomorphically and heterogeneously intertwined in complex project governance practices, and how are they manifested in grass-roots project operations. The embeddedness mechanism aims to clarify the "dual-track" politics and how it influences project operation modes and effectiveness.It also helps analyze the heterogeneity of project system, as well as the institutional changes of state governance. In addition to focusing on each mechanism separately, this paper also provides certain prospects from the perspectives of multi-dimensional and comprehensive interactions between multiple mechanisms.

Key words: project system paradigm, externality mechanism, principal-agent mechanism, legitimacy mechanism, embeddedness mechanism